Nursultan Nazarbayev

Nursultan Nazarbayev
Нұрсұлтан Назарбаев
Nazarbayev in 2021
1st President of Kazakhstan
In office
16 December 1991 – 20 March 2019
Prime Minister
See list
Vice PresidentYerik Asanbayev (1991–96)
Preceded byOffice established
(Himself as President of the Kazakh SSR)
Succeeded byKassym-Jomart Tokayev
Chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan
In office
21 August 1991 – 5 January 2022
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byKassym-Jomart Tokayev
Chairman of Nur Otan
In office
1 March 1999 – 28 January 2022
Acting
See list
Deputy
See list
First Deputy
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byKassym-Jomart Tokayev
Chairman of the Assembly of People
In office
1 March 1995 – 28 April 2021
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byKassym-Jomart Tokayev
Honorary Chairman of the Assembly of People
In office
28 April 2021 – 5 January 2022
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded by Office abolished
Honorary Chairman of the Organization of Turkic States
In office
25 April 2019 – present[1]
Kazakh SSR positions
President of the Kazakh SSR
In office
24 April 1990 – 16 December 1991
Vice PresidentSergey Tereshchenko
(1990–1991)
Yerik Asanbayev
(1991)
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byOffice abolished
(Himself as President of Kazakhstan)
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR
In office
22 February 1990 – 24 April 1990
PremierUzakbay Karamanov
Preceded byKilibay Medeubekov
Succeeded byErik Asanbayev
First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan
In office
22 June 1989 – 7 September 1991
Preceded byGennady Kolbin
Succeeded byOffice abolished
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR
In office
22 March 1984 – 27 July 1989
ChairmanBayken Ashimov
Salamay Mukashev
Zakash Kamaledinov
Vera Sidorova
Makhtay Sagdiyev
Preceded byBayken Ashimov
Succeeded byUzakbay Karamanov
Personal details
Born
Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev

(1940-07-06) 6 July 1940 (age 84)
Chemolgan, Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union
Political partyAmanat (since 1999)
Other political
affiliations
Communist (1962–1991)
Independent (1991–1999)
Spouse
(m. 1962)
ChildrenDariga
Dinara
Aliya
Signature
Websitenazarbayev.kz
Military service
Allegiance Kazakhstan
Branch/serviceArmed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Years of service1991–2019
Rank
Supreme Commander
Central institution membership

Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev[2][note 1] (born 6 July 1940) is a Kazakh politician who served as the first president of Kazakhstan from 1991 to 2019.[3][4] He also held the special title of Elbasy[note 2] from 2010 to 2022 and chairman of the Security Council from 1991 to 2022.[5][6][7]

Nazarbayev’s political career began in the Soviet era, where he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1962 while working as a steel factory worker. Rising through the party ranks, he became Prime Minister of the Kazakh SSR in 1984 and First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan in 1989. In 1990, the Supreme Soviet elected him as the president of Kazakhstan. Nazarbayev played a key role in navigating Kazakhstan through the dissolution of the Soviet Union, leading to the country's independence in 1991. In the country’s first direct 1991 presidential election, Nazarbayev appeared on the ballot without opposition and secured an overwhelming victory. In 1995, ruling by decree, Nazarbayev extended his presidency through a referendum and adopted a new constitution that expanded his powers. He was re-elected in 1999, deemed eligible to run again in 2005 by a Supreme Court ruling, and benefited from a 2007 constitutional amendment solely exempting term limits for him, allowing re-elections in 2011 and 2015.

Under Nazarbayev's rule, Kazakhstan experienced substantial economic growth, driven by high oil prices and market-oriented reforms. His policies focused on modernizing infrastructure, attracting foreign investment, and positioning Kazakhstan as an economic hub in Central Asia. On the international stage, he prioritized strong ties with global powers and Kazakhstan's integration into regional and global organizations, including the Eurasian Economic Union and the World Trade Organization. Nazarbayev also gained recognition for his efforts in nuclear disarmament, renouncing Kazakhstan’s inherited nuclear arsenal, and closing the Semipalatinsk Test Site. However, his presidency was also marked by widespread corruption, nepotism, kleptocracy, and economic challenges, such as the Great Recession, the 2010s oil glut, and economic repercussions from the Russo-Ukrainian War. These issues contributed to inflation and the devaluation of the national currency, the tenge, while undermining transparency and governance.

In March 2019, following a wave of protests and increasing discontent, Nazarbayev announced his resignation, handing over power to Kassym-Jomart Tokayev. Tokayev was elected president in a snap election in June 2019. While Nazarbayev stepped down from the presidency, he remained a powerful figure in Kazakh politics, retaining influence through his leadership of the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan and the Nur Otan party. He also chaired the Security Council until his dismissal in 2022.[8] Nazarbayev’s power was diminished following the 2022 unrest, which led to a constitutional referendum that stripped him of many privileges and titles, including his membership in the Senate and the Constitutional Council. By 2023, he had lost most of his official titles, signaling the end of his political dominance.[9]

Nazarbayev was one of the longest-ruling non-royal leaders in the world, having led Kazakhstan for nearly three decades, excluding chairmanship in the Security Council after the end of his presidency. He has often been referred to as a dictator due to his consolidation of power and autocratic rule. While he is credited with fostering economic growth and political stability in Kazakhstan, his tenure was marred by widespread authoritarianism, significant human rights abuses, and systemic corruption.[10][11] His leadership was further characterized by a pervasive cult of personality, with his image and influence deeply entrenched in the nation’s political and social landscape.[12][13][14]

  1. ^ "Statement on granting the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan-Elbasy, His Excellency Nursultan Nazarbayev, the status of the life-time Honorary President of the Turkic Council". Organization of Turkic States. 24 May 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  2. ^ Mesquita, Bruce Bueno de (2013). Principles of International Politics – Bruce Bueno de Mesquita. p. 57. ISBN 9781483304663. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2014 – via Google Books.
  3. ^ "Background on Nursultan Nazarbayev". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019. The republic's Supreme Soviet elected Nazarbayev president of the Kazakh SSR on April 24, 1990.
  4. ^ "Veteran Kazakh leader Nazarbayev resigns after three decades in power". Reuters. 19 March 2019. Archived from the original on 20 March 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  5. ^ "Kazakh president declared Leader of the Nation". Reuters. 15 June 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  6. ^ "Kazakhs vote to confirm removal of Nazarbayev's grip on power". intellinews.com. 7 June 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  7. ^ "Токаев объявил о смещении с поста Нурсултана Назарбаева". РБК (in Russian). 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  8. ^ Auyezov, Olzhas (5 January 2022). "Kazakh president fails to quell protests, 8 deaths reported". Reuters. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  9. ^ "Former Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev stripped of 'honorary senator' title". aa.com.tr. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  10. ^ Pannier, Bruce (11 March 2015). "Kazakhstan's long term president to run in show election – again". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2015. Nazarbayev has clamped down on dissent in Kazakhstan, and the country has never held an election judged to be free or fair by the West.
  11. ^ Chivers, C.J. (6 December 2005). "Kazakh President Re-elected; voting Flawed, Observers Say". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 April 2014. Kazakhstan has never held an election that was not rigged.
  12. ^ Matthews, Austi S. (25 April 2019). "What happens to Kazakhstan's dictatorship now that its dictator has quit?". The Washington Post.
  13. ^ Oropeza, Miguel (19 March 2015). "Is Kazakhstan's Nazarbayev the Lee Kwan Yew of Central Asia?". OpenAsia. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  14. ^ Bisenov, Naubet (20 March 2019). "Kazakhstan's President Nazarbayev resigns but retains key posts". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 1 May 2021.


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Nursultan Nazarbayev

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