Back Oryol (nau espacial) AN أوريل Arabic Перспективна пилотируема транспортна система Bulgarian ওরেল (মহাকাশযান) Bengali/Bangla Federàtsia (nau espacial) Catalan Orjol (kosmická loď) Czech Orel (Raumschiff) German Orel (nave espacial) Spanish سامانه ترابری خلبان‌دار آینده‌نگر FA Oriol (vaisseau spatial) French

Orel (spacecraft)

Orel[1]
Mockup and test article of the Orel crew module, photographed at the Moscow Air and Space Show in August 2015
ManufacturerRKK Energia
Country of originRussia
OperatorRoscosmos
ApplicationsCrew transportation to Low Earth orbit and to the Moon, possibly to Mars
Specifications
Launch mass17,000 kg (LEO)–21,367 kg (Moon)[2]
Dry mass14,000 kg (crew module 9,500 kg, propulsion module 4,500 kg)[2]
Crew capacity4–6[3]
Volume18 m3[3]
RegimeLEO, TLI, Lunar orbit
Design life
  • Planned:
  • 5–30 days (free flight)[3]
  • 365 days (docked in LEO)[3]
  • 200 days (docked in Lunar orbit)[3]
Production
StatusIn development
Maiden launchPlanned:
2028 (robotic)[4]
2028 (crewed)[4]
2030s (uncrewed lunar orbit)[5]

Orel (Russian: Орёл, lit. 'Eagle')[6] or Oryol,[7] formerly Federation (Russian: Федерация, romanized: Federatsiya),[8] and PPTS (Russian: Перспективная Пилотируемая Транспортная Система, romanized: Perspektivnaya Pilotiruemaya Transportnaya Sistema, lit. 'Prospective Piloted Transport System'), is a project by Roscosmos to develop a new-generation, partially reusable crewed spacecraft.

Until 2016, the official name was (Russian: Пилотируемый Транспортный Корабль Нового Поколения, lit. 'New Generation Piloted Transport Ship') or PTK NP. The goal of the project is to develop a next-generation spacecraft to replace the Soyuz spacecraft developed by the former Soviet Union to support low Earth orbit and lunar operations. It is similar in function to the US Orion or Commercial Crew Development spacecraft.[9]

The PPTS project was started following a failed attempt by Russia and the European Space Agency (ESA) to co-develop the Crew Space Transportation System (CSTS). Following ESA member states declining to finance Kliper in 2006 over concerns about workshare then again declining to finance development of CSTS in 2009 over technology transfer to Russia that could be used for military purposes,[10] the Russian Federal Space Agency ordered a new crewed spacecraft from Russian companies.[11] A development contract was awarded to RKK Energia on 19 December 2013.[12]

Orel is intended to be capable of carrying crews of four into Earth orbit and beyond, with different mass versions suitable for 5, 14, or 30 day missions. If docked with a space station, it could stay in space up to a year, which is double the duration of the Soyuz spacecraft. The spacecraft will send cosmonauts to lunar orbit, with a plan to place a space station there, called Lunar Orbital Station.[3][13]

  1. ^ Robot to become test pilot of Russia's next-generation manned spacecraft. TASS. 12 September 2019.
  2. ^ a b Zak, Anatoly (22 September 2012). "PTK NP development during 2012". Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Zak, Anatoly (April 2011). "PPTS – Prospective Piloted Transport System". Russian Space Web. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  4. ^ a b Katya Pavlushchenko [@katlinengrey] (15 August 2023). "Both the first uncrewed test flight and the first crewed test flight of the planned #Oryol spacecraft are scheduled for 2028, said the chief designer of ROS (it's not a misprint, now they call it ROS instead of ROSS), deputy director of RSC Energia Vladimir Kozhevnikov" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  5. ^ ""Федерация" без экипажа сможет облететь Луну в 2026 году". РИА Новости (in Russian). 7 December 2018.
  6. ^ "В "Роскосмосе" решили переименовать новый космический корабль". Правда.Ру (in Russian). 6 September 2019.
  7. ^ "Russia to create Angara-A5P rocket for manned space launches by 2024". TASS. 6 November 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  8. ^ "New Russian manned spacecraft to be called Federation". TASS. 15 January 2016. Archived from the original on 20 August 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  9. ^ "Android in space – first mission of Federation spacecraft in 2021". Newsspaceflight.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  10. ^ de Selding, Peter B. (31 May 2013) Collapse of ESA-Roscosmos Crew Vehicle Partnership Holds Lessons. Space News
  11. ^ Sam Savage (17 March 2009). "Russia Reviews Bids For New Moon-Bound Space Rocket". redOrbit. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  12. ^ Zak, Anatoly (15 October 2014). "PTK NP development during 2013". Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  13. ^ "Russia Plans to Send Cosmonauts to the Moon". Parabolicarc.com. 4 April 2017.

Orel (spacecraft)

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