Oro Festival (Yoruba: Orò) is an event celebrated by various towns and settlements of Yoruba origin. It is an annual traditional festival that is of patriarchal nature, as it is only celebrated by male descendants who are paternal natives to the specific locations where the particular event is taking place.[1][2] It venerates the Orisha Orò, the Yoruba deity of Bullroarers and communal justice. During the festival, females and non-natives stay indoors as oral history has it that Orò must not be seen by women and non-participating people.[3][4] The ceremonies surrounding the celebration of Orò differ from town to town, and one is often called after the death of a monarch.[5] When the Oba or other important official dies, a special atonement and period of mourning are held.[6]
Orò is usually concealed except during the festivity. Orò makes an entrance by making high-pitched swishing sounds. This whirring sound is said to be made by the wife called Majowu.[7]
The Orò festival has been argued to be anti-woman by some because of the requirement for women to stay indoors during the festival. Women must not come outside for the full day. It is believed that any woman who comes out and encounters Oro will suffer dire consequences which includes death.[8]
This is supported by the Yoruba saying:
Awo Egúngún l'obìrin le ṣe, Awo Gẹ̀lẹ̀dẹ́ l’obìnrin le mọ̀. Bí obìnrin bá fi ojú kan Orò, Orò á gbe lọ.
Meaning:
Women can participate in Egungun, a woman can experience Gelede. If a woman lays eyes on Oro, Oro would surely take her away.
Accordingly, in contrast to Oro which is an all-male affair, the Gelede spectacle celebrates the power and influence of women and mothers (Àwọn Ìyá) in Yoruba society.
During the festival, the voice or sound of Orò fills public spaces and private spaces as well, in the traditional belief blessing everyone who hears it.[9][10]
The Orò festival is mentioned in D.O. Fágúnwà's 1954 novel Ìrìnkèrindó nínú Igbó Elégbèje (Expedition to the Mountain of Thought), where the mother of Olojumajele flees into the forest because she hears the sound of the Orò bullroarers both behind and ahead of her and is scared she might come face-to-face with the Orò spirit. Unbeknownst to her, there is no masquerade, just evil spirits of the forest imitating the noise of the bullroarers.[11]
- ^ Josiah Oluwole (31 July 2015). "Ooni: Ife Declares Oro Festival". Premium Times. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
- ^ "A peep into the secret Oro festival in Yorubaland". Vanguard News. 2019-02-18. Retrieved 2021-08-31.
- ^ Research Directorate, Immigration & Refugee Board, Canada (26 September 2000). "Nigeria: Oro festival including the role of the Oro priest and whether, or not, he or she is masked; whether there are any penalties invoked against those who observe the priest performing his rituals". Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
- ^ "Wetin be Oro festival wey women no fit 'show face outside' at all". BBC News Pidgin. 2021-05-31. Retrieved 2021-08-31.
- ^ Tunji Omofoye (1 August 2015). "Traditionalists Hold Oro Festival In Ile-Ife". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
- ^ "Ile-Ife: Anxiety mounts, women remain indoors as Oro festival enters second day | Premium Times Nigeria". 2015-08-01. Retrieved 2021-08-31.
- ^ "Yoruba festival that are anti women". The Guardian.
- ^ "Oro: A Yoruba Festival That Is Anti-Women". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 2018-05-07. Retrieved 2021-08-31.
- ^ "Oro: A Yoruba Festival That Is Anti-Women". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 2018-05-07. Retrieved 2023-02-19.
- ^ Smithson, Brian C. (2021). "sounding the voice of tolerance: the orò secret society at the yorùbá borderlands". Material Religion. 17 (4): 517–538. doi:10.1080/17432200.2021.1951089. S2CID 238231813. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
- ^ Adeniyi, Dapo (1994). Expedition to the Mountain of Thought (The Third Saga) being a free translation of the full text of D.O. Fágúnwà's Yorùbá novel Ìrìnkèrindó nínú Igbó Elégbèje. Ile-Ife, Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo University Press Ltd. pp. 30–31.