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Oromo people

For the language, see Oromo language.
See also: Cushitic peoples and Horn of Africa

Oromos
Oromoo (Oromo)
Oromo people in folk costume at Irreechaa festival, 2015
Regions with significant populations
 Ethiopia25,489,000 (2007)[1]
 Kenya739,839 (2019)[2]
 Sudan105,000 (2022)[3]
 Somalia101,000 (2024)[4]
 United States23,519 (2023)[5]
 Canada5,890 (2021)[6]
 Australia4,310 (2021)[7]
Languages
Oromo
Religion
Islam (55–60%), Christianity (40–45%), Traditional religion (Waaqeffanna) (up to 3%)[8]
Related ethnic groups
Somalis • Sidama • Gabra • Rendille • Iraqw • Beja • other Cushitic peoples[9][10]

The Oromo people (pron. /ˈɒrəmoʊ/ ORR-əm-oh[11] Oromo: Oromoo) are a Cushitic ethnic group native to the Oromia region of Ethiopia and parts of Northern Kenya.[12] They speak the Oromo language (also called Afaan Oromoo), which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family.[12] They are one of the largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia.[13] According to the last Ethiopian census of 2007, the Oromo numbered 25,488,344 people or 34.5% of the Ethiopian population.[14] Recent estimates have the Oromo comprising 45,000,000 people, or 35.8% of the total Ethiopian population estimated at 116,000,000.[15]

The Oromo were originally nomadic, semi-pastoralist people who later would conquer large swaths of land during their expansions.[16][17] After the settlement, they would establish kingdoms in the Gibe regions[18][19] and dynasties in Abyssinia.[20][21] The Oromo people traditionally used the gadaa system as the primary form of governance.[22][23] A leader is elected by the gadaa system and their term lasts eight years, with an election taking place at the end of those eight years.[24][25][26] Although most modern Oromos are Muslims or Christians, about 3% practice Waaqeffanna, the native ancient Cushitic monotheistic religion of Oromos.[27]

  1. ^ "Census 2007" Archived February 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  2. ^ "2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics". Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2024. 276,236 Borana, 141,200 Gabra, 92,086 Orma, 27,006 Sakuyye and 20,103 Waata
  3. ^ "Oromo, West Central". Ethnologue. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  4. ^ "Borna-Arsi-Guji-Oromo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  5. ^ "Languages spoken in American Households, 2020". United States Census Bureau.
  6. ^ "Census Profile, 2021 Census – Ethnic or Cultural Background – Canada – provinces & territories". 25 July 2024.
  7. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics 2021, Census of Population and Housing: Cultural diversity data summary, 2021, 28 June 2022, Archived 10 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ "Ethiopia and the Oromo People: Is it possible to determine whether an Ethiopian is an ethnic Oromo by the individual's last name? What religion or religions are practiced by ethnic Oromos in Ethiopia". UNHCR Refworld. United States Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services. 28 April 1998.
  9. ^ Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa: The Allocation of Property Rights and Implications for Development. Universal-Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 1-58112-000-1.
  10. ^ Sarah Tishkoff; et al. (2009). "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans" (PDF). Science. 324 (5930): 1035–44. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1035T. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. PMC 2947357. PMID 19407144. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  11. ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh
  12. ^ a b Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. 6 April 2010. ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  13. ^ "Ethiopia", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 14 December 2022, retrieved 24 December 2022
  14. ^ Central Statistical Agency, Ethiopia. "Table 2.2 Percentage Distribution of Major Ethnic Groups: 2007" (PDF). Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results. United Nations Population Fund. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  15. ^ "Ethiopia". 16 October 2023.
  16. ^ Mohammed, Hassen (19 May 2017). The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia, 1300-1700. Boydell & Brewer, Limited. ISBN 978-1-84701-161-9. OCLC 962017017.
  17. ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. The Red Sea Press. ISBN 9780932415196.
  18. ^ Paul Trevor William Baxter, Jan Hultin, Alessandro Triulzi. "Being and Becoming Oromo: Historical and Anthropological Enquiries'. Nordic Africa Institute (1996) pp. 123–124
  19. ^ Described in detail in G.W.B. Huntingford, The Galla of Ethiopia; the Kingdoms of Kafa and Janjero (London: International African Institute, 1955), pp. 55ff
  20. ^ Shiferaw Bekele, The State in the Zamana Masafent (1786-1853), p. 25
  21. ^ Molla Tikuye, The Rise and Fall of The Yajju Dynasty (1784–1980), p. 199
  22. ^ "Gada system, an indigenous democratic socio-political system of the Oromo – intangible heritage – Culture Sector – UNESCO". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  23. ^ Harold G. Marcus A History of Ethiopia. University of California Press (1994) pp. 55 Google Books
  24. ^ John Ralph Willis (2005). Slaves and Slavery in Africa: Volume Two: The Servile Estate. Routledge. pp. 122–127, 129–134, 137. ISBN 978-1-135-78017-3.
  25. ^ John Ralph Willis (2005). Slaves and Slavery in Africa: Volume Two: The Servile Estate. Routledge. pp. 128–134. ISBN 978-1-135-78016-6.
  26. ^ Ira M. Lapidus (2014). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press. p. 483. ISBN 978-1-139-99150-6.
  27. ^ Donald N. Levine (2014). Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society. University of Chicago Press. pp. 35–41. ISBN 978-0-226-22967-6.

Oromo people

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