In the liquid fuel industry, oxygenates are hydrocarbon-derived fuel additives containing at least one oxygen atom[1] to promote complete combustion.[2] Absent oxygenates, fuel combustion is usually incomplete, and the exhaust stream pollutes the air with carbon monoxide, soot particles, aromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and nitrated polyaromatic hydrocarbons.[3]
The most common oxygenates are either alcohols or ethers, but ketones and aldehydes are also included in this distinction.[4] Carboxylic acids and esters can be grouped with oxygenates in the simple definition that they contain at least one oxygen atom.[4] However, they are usually unwanted in oils, and therefore likely fuels, due to their environmental toxicity and tendency to cause catalyst poisoning and corrosion during oil production and refining.[5]
- Alcohols:
- Methanol (MeOH)
- Ethanol (EtOH); see also Common ethanol fuel mixtures
- Isopropyl alcohol (IPA)
- n-Butanol (BuOH)
- Gasoline grade tert-butanol (GTBA)
- Ethers:
- Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)
- tert-Amyl methyl ether (TAME)
- tert-Hexyl methyl ether (THEME)
- Ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE)
- tert-Amyl ethyl ether (TAEE)
- Diisopropyl ether (DIPE)
- ^ US EPA, OAR (7 August 2015). "Gasoline Winter Oxygenates". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- ^ "Oxygenate". Merriam-Webster online. 2 March 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- ^ Inal, Fikret; Senkan, Selim M. (2002). "Effects of oxygenate additives on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(pahs) and soot formation". Combustion Science and Technology. 174 (9): 1–19. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.524.1105. doi:10.1080/00102200290021353. S2CID 56015797.
- ^ a b Yeboah, Isaac; Feng, Xiang; Rout, Kumar R.; Chen, De (27 October 2021). "Versatile One-Pot Tandem Conversion of Biomass-Derived Light Oxygenates into High-Yield Jet Fuel Range Aromatics". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 60 (42): 15095–15105. doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02994. ISSN 0888-5885.
- ^ Ni, Wei; Zhu, Gangtian; Liu, Fei; Li, Zhiyong; Xie, Can; Han, Yuanjia (19 August 2021). "Carboxylic Acids in Petroleum: Separation, Analysis, and Geochemical Significance". Energy & Fuels. 35 (16): 12828–12844. doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c01518. ISSN 0887-0624.