Back Verdeling van Indië AF Teilung Indiens ALS تقسيم الهند Arabic Partición de la India AST Hindistanın parçalanması AZ Разделяне на Британска Индия Bulgarian ভারত বিভাজন Bengali/Bangla Partició de l'Índia Catalan دابەشکردنی ھیندستان CKB Rozdělení Indie Czech
 British Indian Empire in The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909. British India is shaded pink, the princely states yellow | |
| Date | August 1947 |
|---|---|
| Location | British Raj |
| Outcome | Partition of British Indian Empire into independent dominions the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan and refugee crises |
| Deaths | 200,000 to 2 million,[1][a] 14 million displaced[2] |
The partition of India in 1947 was the division of British India[b] into two independent dominion states, Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan.[3] The Union of India is today the Republic of India and Dominion of Pakistan, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People's Republic of Bangladesh. The partition involved the division of two provinces, Bengal and the Punjab, based on district-wise Hindu or Muslim majorities. It also involved the division of the British Indian Army, the Royal Indian Navy, the Indian Civil Service, the railways, and the central treasury, between the two new dominions. The partition was set forth in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and resulted in the dissolution of the British Raj, or Crown rule in India. The two self-governing countries of India and Pakistan legally came into existence at midnight on 14–15 August 1947.
The partition displaced between 10–12 million people along religious lines, creating overwhelming refugee crises in the newly constituted dominions; there was large-scale violence, with estimates of loss of life accompanying or preceding the partition disputed and varying between several hundred thousand and two million.[1][c] The violent nature of the partition created an atmosphere of hostility and suspicion between India and Pakistan that plagues their relationship to the present.
The term partition of India does not cover the secession of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971, nor the earlier separations of Burma (now Myanmar) and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) from the administration of British India.[d] The term also does not cover the political integration of princely states into the two new dominions, nor the disputes of annexation or division arising in the princely states of Hyderabad, Junagadh, and Jammu and Kashmir, though violence along religious lines did break out in some princely states at the time of the partition. It does not cover the incorporation of the enclaves of French India into India during the period 1947–1954, nor the annexation of Goa and other districts of Portuguese India by India in 1961. Other contemporaneous political entities in the region in 1947, Sikkim, Bhutan, Nepal, and the Maldives were unaffected by the partition.[e]
- ^ a b c d Talbot & Singh 2009, p. 2.
- ^ Population Redistribution and Development in South Asia. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012. p. 6. ISBN 978-9400953093.
- ^ Partition (n), 7. b (3rd ed.). Oxford English Dictionary. 2005.
The division of British India into India and Pakistan, achieved in 1947.
- ^ Sword For Pen, Time, 12 April 1937
- ^ "Sikkim". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. "Nepal.", Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. "Bhutan."
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