Passive voice

A passive voice construction is a grammatical voice construction that is found in many languages.^[1] In a clause with passive voice, the grammatical subject expresses the theme or patient of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed.^[2] This contrasts with active voice, in which the subject has the agent role. For example, in the passive sentence "The tree was pulled down", the subject (the tree) denotes the patient rather than the agent of the action. In contrast, the sentences "Someone pulled down the tree" and "The tree is down" are active sentences.

Typically, in passive clauses, what is usually expressed by the object (or sometimes another argument) of the verb is now expressed by the subject, while what is usually expressed by the subject is either omitted or is indicated by some adjunct of the clause. Thus, turning an active sense of a verb into a passive sense is a valence-decreasing process ("detransitivizing process"), because it syntactically turns a transitive sense into an intransitive sense.^[3] This is not always the case; for example in Japanese a passive-voice construction does not necessarily decrease valence.^[4]

Many languages have both an active and a passive voice; this allows for greater flexibility in sentence construction, as either the semantic agent or patient may take the syntactic role of subject.^[5] The use of passive voice allows speakers to organize stretches of discourse by placing figures other than the agent in subject position. This may be done to foreground the patient, recipient, or other thematic role;^[5] it may also be useful when the semantic patient is the topic of on-going discussion.^[6] The passive voice may also be used to avoid specifying the agent of an action.

^ Siewierska, Anna (1984). The Passive: A Comparative Linguistic Analysis. London: Croom Helm.
^ O'Grady, William; John Archibald; Mark Aronoff; Janie Rees-Miller (2001). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (Fourth ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. ISBN 978-0-312-24738-6.
^ Kroeger, Paul (2005). Analyzing Grammar: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521816229.
^ Booij, Geert E.; Christian Lehmann; Joachim Mugdan; Stavros Skopeteas (2004). Morphologie / Morphology. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-019427-2. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
^ ^a ^b Saeed, John (1997). Semantics. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-20035-2.
^ Croft, William (1991). Syntactic Categories and Grammatical Relations: The Cognitive Organization of Information. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12090-4.

[Siewierska-1] Siewierska, Anna (1984). The Passive: A Comparative Linguistic Analysis. London: Croom Helm.

[O'Grady-2] O'Grady, William; John Archibald; Mark Aronoff; Janie Rees-Miller (2001). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (Fourth ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. ISBN 978-0-312-24738-6.

[Kroeger-3] Kroeger, Paul (2005). Analyzing Grammar: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521816229.

[BooijLehmann2004-4] Booij, Geert E.; Christian Lehmann; Joachim Mugdan; Stavros Skopeteas (2004). Morphologie / Morphology. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-019427-2. Retrieved 13 September 2013.

[Saeed-5] Saeed, John (1997). Semantics. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-20035-2.

[6] Croft, William (1991). Syntactic Categories and Grammatical Relations: The Cognitive Organization of Information. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12090-4.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]