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Peregrine falcon

Peregrine falcon
Male in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Falconiformes
Family: Falconidae
Genus: Falco
Species:
F. peregrinus
Binomial name
Falco peregrinus
Tunstall, 1771
Subspecies

18–19, see text

Global range of F. peregrinus
  Breeding summer visitor
  Breeding resident
  Winter visitor
  Passage visitor
Synonyms
  • Falco atriceps
    Hume
  • Falco kreyenborgi
    Kleinschmidt, 1929
  • Falco pelegrinoides madens
    Ripley & Watson, 1963
  • Rhynchodon peregrinus
    (Tunstall, 1771)

The peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), also known simply as the peregrine,[3] is a cosmopolitan bird of prey (raptor) in the family Falconidae. A large, crow-sized falcon, it has a blue-grey back, barred white underparts, and a black head. The peregrine is renowned for its speed. It can reach over 320 km/h (200 mph) during its characteristic hunting stoop (high-speed dive),[4] making it the fastest animal on the planet.[5][6][7] According to a National Geographic TV program, the highest measured speed of a peregrine falcon is 389 km/h (242 mph).[8][9] However, radar tracks have never confirmed this, the maximum speed reliably measured is 184 km/h, but nobody has been able to present unimpeachable measurements of speeds even close to the ‘well-known’ 300 km/h.[10] As is typical for bird-eating (avivore) raptors, peregrine falcons are sexually dimorphic, with females being considerably larger than males.[11][12] Historically, it has also been known as "black-cheeked falcon" in Australia,[13] and "duck hawk" in North America.[14]

The breeding range includes land regions from the Arctic tundra to the tropics. It can be found nearly everywhere on Earth, except extreme polar regions, very high mountains, and most tropical rainforests; the only major ice-free landmass from which it is entirely absent is New Zealand. This makes it the world's most widespread raptor[15] and one of the most widely found wild bird species. In fact, the only land-based bird species found over a larger geographic area owes its success to human-led introduction; the domestic and feral pigeons are both domesticated forms of the rock dove, a major prey species for Eurasian Peregrine populations. Due to their abundance over most other bird species in cities, feral pigeons support many peregrine populations as a staple food source, especially in urban settings.

The peregrine is a highly successful example of urban wildlife in much of its range, taking advantage of tall buildings as nest sites and an abundance of prey such as pigeons and ducks. Both the English and scientific names of this species mean "wandering falcon", referring to the migratory habits of many northern populations. A total of 18 or 19 regional subspecies are accepted, which vary in appearance; disagreement existed in the past over whether the distinctive Barbary falcon was represented by two subspecies of Falco peregrinus or was a separate species, F. pelegrinoides, and several of the other subspecies were originally described as species. The genetic differential between them (and also the difference in their appearance) is very small, only about 0.6–0.8% genetically differentiated, showing the divergence is relatively recent, during the time of the Last Ice Age;[16] all the major ornithological authorities now treat the barbary falcon as a subspecies.[17]

Although its diet consists almost exclusively of medium-sized birds, the peregrine will sometimes hunt small mammals, small reptiles, or even insects. Reaching sexual maturity at one year, it mates for life and nests in a scrape, normally on cliff edges or, in recent times, on tall human-made structures.[18] The peregrine falcon became an endangered species in many areas because of the widespread use of certain pesticides, especially DDT. Since the ban on DDT from the early 1970s, populations have recovered, supported by large-scale protection of nesting places and releases to the wild.[19]

The peregrine falcon is a well-respected falconry bird due to its strong hunting ability, high trainability, versatility, and availability via captive breeding. It is effective on most game bird species, from small to large. It has also been used as a religious, royal, or national symbol across multiple eras and areas of human civilization.

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2021). "Falco peregrinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T45354964A206217909. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T45354964A206217909.en. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Heinzel1995 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference USFWS was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference BBC was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Smithsonian was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ "The Fastest Birds In The World". WorldAtlas.com. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference Harpole2005 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference TerminalVelocity was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ "Thomas Alerstam - migration ecologist extraordinaire".
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference White94 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Snow1998 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Pizzey, Graham; Knight, Frank; Pizzey, Sarah (2012). The field guide to the birds of Australia. Sydney: Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7322-9193-8.
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference Friedmann1950 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference Ferguson-Lees2001 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference Nittinger2005 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Hoyo, Josep del (2020). All the birds of the world. Barcelona: Lynx edicions. ISBN 978-84-16728-37-4.
  18. ^ Cite error: The named reference Cade1996 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference Cade1988 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

Peregrine falcon

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