Planetary boundary layer

In meteorology, the planetary boundary layer (PBL), also known as the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) or peplosphere, is the lowest part of the atmosphere and its behaviour is directly influenced by its contact with a planetary surface.^[1] On Earth it usually responds to changes in surface radiative forcing in an hour or less. In this layer physical quantities such as flow velocity, temperature, and moisture display rapid fluctuations (turbulence) and vertical mixing is strong. Above the PBL is the "free atmosphere",^[2] where the wind is approximately geostrophic (parallel to the isobars),^[3] while within the PBL the wind is affected by surface drag and turns across the isobars (see Ekman layer for more detail).