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Political aspects of Islam are derived from the Quran, ḥadīth literature, and sunnah (accounts of the sayings and living habits attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad during his lifetime),[1] the history of Islam, and elements of political movements outside Islam.[2]
The political suggestions of Islam are a series of arguments developed on the basis of the recommendations of the ulema to the ruling class (Ulu'l-amr) through the statements of the Quran and hadith and the stories of the sirah, similar to the development of the concepts of sharia. Islamic studies do not reveal a specific Islamic identity and political attitude with sharp boundaries for the early period.[3] However, literature written in later periods and developed over centuries can provide a detailed conceptual basis for practice and guidance. Opinions regarding management emphasizes following of the religious/political leadership of Muhammad's successors, who, according to Sunnis, were chosen Caliphs by the representatives of the people (Arabic: أهل الحلّ والعقد, romanized: Ahl al-Ḥall wa’l-‘Aḳd; those who are qualified to unseated and to pledge allegiance), and according to Shiites, divinely chosen Imams through Muhammad's lineage; it also included the leader's obligation to comply with sharia and shura decisions and the condemnation[4] or removal of unjust rulers for some. Olivier Roy writes that
Classical Islamic thought is overflowing with treatises on governing, advice to sovereigns, and didactic tales. They do not reflect on the nature of politics, but on the nature of the good ruler and of good government (advice, techniques, paradigms, anecdotes).[5]
A significant change in the Muslim world was the defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922).[6][7] In the modern era (19th–20th centuries), common Islamic political themes have been resistance to Western imperialism and enforcement of sharīʿa law through democratic or militant struggle.[6] Events such as the defeat of Arab armies in the Six-Day War, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the end of the Cold War and the fall of communism as a viable alternative have increased the appeal of Islamic movements such as Islamism, Islamic fundamentalism, and Islamic democracy, especially in the context of the global sectarian divide and conflict between Sunnīs and Shīʿītes,[8][9] along with the popular dissatisfaction with secularist ruling regimes in the Muslim world.[8][10][11][12]
- ^ Zimney, Michelle (2009). "Introduction – What Is Islam?". In Campo, Juan E. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Islam. Encyclopedia of World Religions. New York: Facts On File. pp. xxi–xxxii. ISBN 978-0-8160-5454-1. LCCN 2008005621.
- ^ Ayoob, Mohammed; Lussier, Danielle N., eds. (2020). "Islam's Multiple Voices". The Many Faces of Political Islam: Religion and Politics in Muslim Societies (2nd ed.). Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. pp. 26–44. doi:10.3998/mpub.11448711. ISBN 978-0-472-12640-8. LCCN 2019025041. S2CID 211404750.
- ^ Under the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem was built. There the word "Islam" appears for the first time. Until this moment the Muslims called themselves simply "believers", and coins were minted in the Arabic empire showing Christian symbols. Abd al-Malik also plays a major role in the reworking of the Quranic text. Patricia Crone / Michael Cook: Hagarism (1977) p. 29; Yehuda D. Nevo: Crossroads to Islam: The Origins of the Arab Religion and the Arab State (2003) pp. 410-413; Karl-Heinz Ohlig (Hrsg.): Der frühe Islam. Eine historisch-kritische Rekonstruktion anhand zeitgenössischer Quellen (2007) pp. 336 ff.
- ^ Abu Hamid al-Ghazali quoted in Mortimer, Edward, Faith and Power: The Politics of Islam, Vintage Books, 1982, p.37
- ^ Roy, Olivier, The Failure of Political Islam by Olivier Roy, translated by Carol Volk, Harvard University Press, 1994, p.29
- ^ a b Roshwald, Aviel (2013). "Part II. The Emergence of Nationalism: Politics and Power – Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1945". In Breuilly, John (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 220–241. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199209194.013.0011. ISBN 9780191750304.
- ^ Feldman, Noah, Fall and Rise of the Islamic State, Princeton University Press, 2008, p.2
- ^ a b Nasr, Vali (2007). "Chapter 5: The Battle of Islamic Fundamentalisms". The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future (1st ed.). New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 148–149. ISBN 978-0-393-06211-3. LCCN 2006012361.
- ^ "Islamic Terrorism from a Risk Perspective". ACAMS Today. ACAMS. June–August 2017. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Wagemakers, Joas (2021). "Part 3: Fundamentalisms and Extremists – The Citadel of Salafism". In Cusack, Carole M.; Upal, M. Afzal (eds.). Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 333–347. doi:10.1163/9789004435544_019. ISBN 978-90-04-43554-4. ISSN 1874-6691.
- ^ Litvak, Meir (2021). "Islamic Radical Movements and Antisemitism: Between Old and New". In Lange, Armin; Mayerhofer, Kerstin; Porat, Dina; Schiffman, Lawrence H. (eds.). An End to Antisemitism! – Volume 5: Confronting Antisemitism in Modern Media, the Legal and Political Worlds. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 133–148. doi:10.1515/9783110671964-009. ISBN 9783110671964.
- ^ Baele, Stephane J. (October 2019). Giles, Howard (ed.). "Conspiratorial Narratives in Violent Political Actors' Language" (PDF). Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 38 (5–6). SAGE Publications: 706–734. doi:10.1177/0261927X19868494. hdl:10871/37355. ISSN 1552-6526. S2CID 195448888. Retrieved 3 January 2022.