| SC | 预备立宪 |
|---|---|
| TC | 預備立憲 |
| Officially started | September 1, 1906[1] |
| Ended in | 1911[2] |
| Result | Failed |
Preparative Constitutionalism[3] or Preparatory Constitutionalism[4] (simplified Chinese: 预备立宪; traditional Chinese: 預備立憲), also known as Preparation of Constitutionalism,[5] refers to attempts by the imperial government of the Qing dynasty of China at implementing top-down constitutional reforms.[6]
The Qing government issued an imperial edict, deciding to imitate the implementation of constitutionalism, but believed that the conditions were not available, so it was necessary to prepare in advance, so it was called "Preparative Constitutionalism".[7]
On September 1, 1906,[8] the Qing court formally declared the Preparative Constitutionalism, thus taking the first step in the history of Chinese constitutionalism and the first step in the reform of the Chinese state system.[9] With the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution in October 1911, the process of Preparative Constitutionalism was interrupted and failed completely with the demise of the Qing dynasty in February 1912.[10]
- ^ "Yang Du: His history is the modern history of China". Duowei News. 2016-11-13.
- ^ Sharon Chien Lin (1998). Libraries and Librarianship in China. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 78–. ISBN 978-0-313-28937-8.
- ^ Chenxia Shi (15 March 2012). The Political Determinants of Corporate Governance in China. Routledge. pp. 120–. ISBN 978-1-136-33836-6.
- ^ Chang Liu (14 May 2007). Peasants and Revolution in Rural China: Rural Political Change in the North China Plain and the Yangzi Delta, 1850-1949. Routledge. pp. 243–. ISBN 978-1-134-10231-0.
- ^ Margaret M. Pearson (4 January 2000). China's New Business Elite: The Political Consequences of Economic Reform. University of California Press. pp. 52–. ISBN 978-0-520-21933-5.
- ^ Gao Qi; Jin Ziqiang (2005). Monsoon of Transition: A Multidimensional Vision of History and Society. Yunnan People's Publishing House. ISBN 978-7-222-04376-3.
- ^ "The last ten years of the Qing Dynasty". Duowei News. 2016-08-27.
- ^ Modern History Research. China Social Sciences Press. 1998. pp. 26–.
- ^ Liu Bo-kui (2005). Chinese Culture and Chinese Community. Jinan University Press. pp. 64–. ISBN 978-7-81079-501-2.
- ^ "Preparative Constitutionalism is the beginning of the modernization of China's political system". CNKI. 1991-04-17.