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In the United States, prescription monitoring programs (PMPs) or prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) are state-run programs which collect and distribute data about the prescription and dispensation of federally controlled substances and, depending on state requirements, other potentially abusable prescription drugs. PMPs are meant to help prevent adverse drug-related events such as opioid overdoses, drug diversion, and substance abuse by decreasing the amount and/or frequency of opioid prescribing, and by identifying those patients who are obtaining prescriptions from multiple providers (i.e., "doctor shopping") or those physicians overprescribing opioids.[1][2]
Most US health care workers support the idea of PMPs, which intend to assist physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, dentists and other prescribers, the pharmacists, chemists and support staff of dispensing establishments. The database, whose use is required by State law, typically requires prescribers and pharmacies dispensing controlled substances to register with their respective state PMPs and (for pharmacies and providers who dispense from their offices) to report the dispensation of such prescriptions to an electronic online database. The majority of PMPs are authorized to notify law enforcement agencies or licensing boards or physicians when a prescriber, or patients receiving prescriptions, exceed thresholds established by the state or prescription recipient exceeds thresholds established by the State.[3] All states have implemented PDMPs, although evidence for the effectiveness of these programs is mixed.[4][5] While prescription of opioids has decreased with PMP use, overdose deaths in many states have actually increased, with those states sharing data with neighboring jurisdictions or requiring reporting of more drugs experiencing highest increases in deaths.[6] This may be because those declined opioid prescriptions turn to street drugs, whose potency and contaminants carry greater overdose risk.[6]
- ^ Islam, M Mofizul; McRae, Ian S (2014). "An inevitable wave of prescription drug monitoring programs in the context of prescription opioids: pros, cons and tensions". BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 15 (46): 46. doi:10.1186/2050-6511-15-46. PMC 4138942. PMID 25127880.
- ^ Sacco, Lisa N.; Duff, Johnathan H.; Sarata, Amanda K. (May 24, 2018). Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDF). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
- ^ Substance Use and Mental Health Services Administration (2017). "Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs: A Guide For Health Professionals" (PDF). SAMSHA in Brief. 10 (1): 2.
- ^ Rutkow, Lainie; Smith, Katherine C.; Lai, Alden Yuanhong; Vernick, Jon S.; Davis, Corey S.; Alexander, G. Caleb (2017). "Prescription drug monitoring program design and function: A qualitative analysis". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 180: 395–400. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.040. PMID 28978492.
- ^ Ponnapalli, Aditya; Grando, Adela; Murcko, Anita; Wertheim, Pete (2018-12-05). "Systematic Literature Review of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs". AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings. 2018: 1478–1487. ISSN 1942-597X. PMC 6371270. PMID 30815193.
- ^ a b Martins, Silvia S.; Ponicki, William; Smith, Nathan; Rivera-Aguirre, Ariadne; Davis, Corey S.; Fink, David S.; Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro; Henry, Stephen G.; Marshall, Brandon D. L.; Gruenewald, Paul; Cerdá, Magdalena (December 2019). "Prescription drug monitoring programs operational characteristics and fatal heroin poisoning". The International Journal on Drug Policy. 74: 174–180. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.10.001. ISSN 1873-4758. PMC 6897357. PMID 31627159.