Race and genetics

Researchers have investigated the relationship between race and genetics as part of efforts to understand how biology may or may not contribute to human racial categorization. Today, the consensus among scientists is that race is a social construct, and that using it as a proxy for genetic differences among populations is misleading.[1][2]

Many constructions of race are associated with phenotypical traits and geographic ancestry, and scholars like Carl Linnaeus have proposed scientific models for the organization of race since at least the 18th century. Following the discovery of Mendelian genetics and the mapping of the human genome, questions about the biology of race have often been framed in terms of genetics.[3] A wide range of research methods have been employed to examine patterns of human variation and their relations to ancestry and racial groups, including studies of individual traits,[4] studies of large populations and genetic clusters,[5] and studies of genetic risk factors for disease.[6]

Research into race and genetics has also been criticized as emerging from, or contributing to, scientific racism. Genetic studies of traits and populations have been used to justify social inequalities associated with race,[7] despite the fact that patterns of human variation have been shown to be mostly clinal,[8] with human genetic code being approximately 99.6% – 99.9% identical between individuals and without clear boundaries between groups.[9][10]

Some researchers have argued that race can act as a proxy for genetic ancestry because individuals of the same racial category may share a common ancestry, but this view has fallen increasingly out of favor among experts.[2][11] The mainstream view is that it is necessary to distinguish between biology and the social, political, cultural, and economic factors that contribute to conceptions of race.[12][13]

Phenotype may have a tangential connection to DNA, but it is still only a rough proxy that would omit various other genetic information.[2][14][15] Today, in a somewhat similar way that "gender" is differentiated from the more clear "biological sex", scientists state that potentially "race" / phenotype can be differentiated from the more clear "ancestry".[16] However, this system has also still come under scrutiny as it may fall into the same problems – which would be large, vague groupings with little genetic value.[17]

  1. ^ Using Population Descriptors in Genetics and Genomics Research: A New Framework for an Evolving Field (Consensus Study Report). National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. doi:10.17226/26902. ISBN 978-0-309-70065-8. PMID 36989389. In humans, race is a socially constructed designation, a misleading and harmful surrogate for population genetic differences, and has a long history of being incorrectly identified as the major genetic reason for phenotypic differences between groups.
  2. ^ a b c "Researchers Need to Rethink and Justify How and Why Race, Ethnicity, and Ancestry Labels Are Used in Genetics and Genomics Research, Says New Report". National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 14 March 2023. Researchers and scientists who utilize genetic and genomic data should rethink and justify how and why they use race, ethnicity, and ancestry labels in their work, says a new National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine report. The report says researchers should not use race as a proxy for describing human genetic variation. Race is a social concept, but it is often used in genomics and genetics research as a surrogate for describing human genetic differences, which is misleading, inaccurate, and harmful.
  3. ^ Goodman AH (2020). Race : are we so different?. Yolanda T. Moses, Joseph L. Jones (Second ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-119-47247-6. OCLC 1121420797. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  4. ^ Jablonski NG (2006). Skin : a natural history. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24281-5. OCLC 64592114. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  5. ^ Rosenberg NA, Pritchard JK, Weber JL, Cann HM, et al. (20 December 2002). "Genetic structure of human populations". Science. 298 (5602): 2381–2385. Bibcode:2002Sci...298.2381R. doi:10.1126/science.1078311. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 12493913. S2CID 8127224. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  6. ^ Lorusso L, Bacchini F (August 2015). "A reconsideration of the role of self-identified races in epidemiology and biomedical research". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. 52: 56–64. doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2015.02.004. PMID 25791919. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  7. ^ Saini A (2019). Superior : the return of race science. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-7691-0. OCLC 1091260230. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  8. ^ Marks J (2017). Is science racist?. Malden, MA: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-8921-0. OCLC 961801723. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  9. ^ "AABA Statement on Race & Racism". American Association of Biological Anthropologists. 27 March 2019.
  10. ^ Tishkoff SA, Kidd KK (26 October 2004). "Implications of biogeography of human populations for 'race' and medicine". Nature Genetics. Supplemental. 36 (11). Nature Portfolio: S21-7. doi:10.1038/ng1438. PMID 15507999. S2CID 1500915. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  11. ^ Kaiser J (11 March 2023). "Geneticists should rethink how they use race and ethnicity, panel urges". Science.
  12. ^ Ackermann R, Athreya S, Bolnick D, Fuentes A, et al. (2019). "AABA (AAPA) Statement on Race & Racism" (Press release). Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  13. ^ Bamshad M, Wooding S, Salisbury BA, Stephens JC (August 2004). "Deconstructing the relationship between genetics and race". Nature Reviews Genetics. 5 (8): 598–609. doi:10.1038/nrg1401. ISSN 1471-0056. PMID 15266342. S2CID 12378279. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  14. ^ Gannon M. "Race Is a Social Construct, Scientists Argue". Scientific American. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  15. ^ Hesman Saey T (14 March 2023). "Why experts recommend ditching racial labels in genetic studies". ScienceNews. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  16. ^ Chou V (18 April 2017). "How Science and Genetics are Reshaping the Race Debate of the 21st Century". Science in the News. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  17. ^ Lewis AC (2 May 2022). "Substituting genetic ancestry for race in research? Not so fast". STAT. Retrieved 12 March 2024.

Race and genetics

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