Rape during the Kashmir conflict

The Kashmir conflict has been beset by large scale usage of sexual violence by multiple belligerents since its inception.

Mass rapes were carried out by Dogra troops as well as Hindu and Sikh mobs during the 1947 Jammu massacres,^[1]^[2] and by Pakistani militia when the conflict broke out in 1947, including the Mirpur Massacre.^[3]

Numerous scholars and human rights agencies assert that since the onset of the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir in 1988, rape has been leveraged as a 'weapon of war' by Indian security forces comprising the Indian Army,^[4] Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) and Border Security personnel.^[5]^[6]^[7] However, the government rejects such charges.

Separatist militants have also committed rapes, which remain under-researched but are not comparable in scale to that of the Indian state forces.^[8]^[9]

^ Amritjit Singh; Nalini Iyer; Rahul K. Gairola (15 June 2016). Revisiting India's Partition: New Essays on Memory, Culture, and Politics. Lexington Books. pp. 149–. ISBN 978-1-4985-3105-4.
^ Ayesha Jalal (4 January 2002). Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850. Routledge. pp. 558–. ISBN 978-1-134-59937-0.
^ Cite error: The named reference :14 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Chinkin, Christine. "Rape and sexual abuse of women in international law." European Journal of International Law 5.3 (1994): 327. "women in Kashmir who have suffered rape and death under the administration of the Indian army."
^ Inger Skjelsbæk (2001) Sexual violence in times of war: A new challenge for peace operations?, International Peacekeeping, 8:2, 75–76 "
^ Sharon Frederick (2001). Rape: Weapon of Terror. World Scientific. pp. 101–. ISBN 978-981-4350-95-2. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
^ "RAPE IN KASHMIR: A Crime of War" Archived 4 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine (PDF). Asia Watch & Physicians for Human Rights A Division of Human Rights Watch. 5 (9): 6.
^ Kazi, Seema. Gender and Militarization in Kashmir. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Oxford University Press. "Sordid and gruesome as the militant record of violence against Kashmiri women and civilians is, it does not compare with the scale and depth of abuse by Indian State forces for which justice has yet to be done."
^ Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[SinghIyer2016-1] Amritjit Singh; Nalini Iyer; Rahul K. Gairola (15 June 2016). Revisiting India's Partition: New Essays on Memory, Culture, and Politics. Lexington Books. pp. 149–. ISBN 978-1-4985-3105-4.

[Jalal2002-2] Ayesha Jalal (4 January 2002). Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850. Routledge. pp. 558–. ISBN 978-1-134-59937-0.

[:14-3] Cite error: The named reference :14 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[4] Chinkin, Christine. "Rape and sexual abuse of women in international law." European Journal of International Law 5.3 (1994): 327. "women in Kashmir who have suffered rape and death under the administration of the Indian army."

[:43-5] Inger Skjelsbæk (2001) Sexual violence in times of war: A new challenge for peace operations?, International Peacekeeping, 8:2, 75–76 "

[Frederick2001-6] Sharon Frederick (2001). Rape: Weapon of Terror. World Scientific. pp. 101–. ISBN 978-981-4350-95-2. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017.

[7] "RAPE IN KASHMIR: A Crime of War" Archived 4 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine (PDF). Asia Watch & Physicians for Human Rights A Division of Human Rights Watch. 5 (9): 6.

[8] Kazi, Seema. Gender and Militarization in Kashmir. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Oxford University Press. "Sordid and gruesome as the militant record of violence against Kashmiri women and civilians is, it does not compare with the scale and depth of abuse by Indian State forces for which justice has yet to be done."

[:5-9] Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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