Robert Moses

Robert Moses
Moses in 1939 with a model of his proposed Battery Bridge
49th Secretary of State of New York
In office January 17, 1927 – January 1, 1929
Governor	Al Smith
Preceded by	Florence E. S. Knapp
Succeeded by	Edward J. Flynn
1st Chairman of the New York State Council of Parks
In office 1924–1963
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Laurance Rockefeller
1st Commissioner of the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation
In office January 18, 1934 – May 23, 1960
Appointed by	Fiorello H. La Guardia William O'Dwyer Vincent R. Impellitteri Robert F. Wagner Jr.
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Newbold Morris
Personal details
Born	(1888-12-18)December 18, 1888 New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.
Died	July 29, 1981(1981-07-29) (aged 92) West Islip, New York, U.S.
Resting place	Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx, New York City, U.S.
Political party	Republican[1]
Spouses	Mary Sims ​ ​ (m. 1915; died 1966)​ Mary Alicia Grady ​ (m. 1966)​
Children	2
Education	Yale University (BA) Wadham College, Oxford (BA, MA) Columbia University (PhD)

Robert Moses (December 18, 1888 – July 29, 1981) was an American urban planner and public official who worked in the New York metropolitan area during the early to mid-20th century. Moses is regarded as one of the most powerful and influential people in the history of New York City and New York state. The grand scale of his infrastructure projects and his philosophy of urban development influenced a generation of engineers, architects, and urban planners across the United States.^[2]

Never elected to any office, Moses held various positions throughout his more-than-40-year career. He held as many as 12 titles at once, including New York City Parks Commissioner and chairman of the Long Island State Park Commission.^[3] By working closely with New York governor Al Smith early in his career, he became expert in writing laws and navigating and manipulating the workings of state government. He created and led numerous semi-autonomous public authorities, through which he controlled millions of dollars in revenue and directly issued bonds to fund new ventures with little outside input or oversight.

Moses's projects transformed the New York area and revolutionized the way cities in the U.S. were designed and built. As Long Island State Park Commissioner, Moses oversaw the construction of Jones Beach State Park, the most-visited public beach in the United States,^[4] and was the primary architect of the New York State Parkway System. As head of the Triborough Bridge Authority, Moses had near-complete control over bridges and tunnels in New York City as well as the tolls collected from them; he built, among others, the Triborough Bridge, the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel, and the Throgs Neck Bridge, as well as several major highways. These roadways and bridges, alongside urban renewal efforts that destroyed huge swaths of tenement housing and replaced them with large public housing projects, transformed the physical fabric of New York and inspired other cities to undertake similar development endeavors.

Moses's reputation declined after the publication of Robert Caro's Pulitzer Prize-winning biography The Power Broker (1974), which cast doubt on the purported benefits of many of Moses's projects and further cast Moses as racist. In large part because of The Power Broker,^[5] Moses is today considered a controversial figure in the history of New York City as well as New York State.