Sapphire

Sapphire
The 423-carat (85 g) blue Logan Sapphire
General
CategoryOxide mineral
Formula
(repeating unit)
Aluminium oxide, Al2O3
Crystal systemTrigonal
Crystal classHexagonal scalenohedral (3m)
H-M symbol: (32/m)
Space groupR3c
Identification
ColorTypically blue, but varies
Crystal habitAs crystals, massive and granular
TwinningBoth growth twins (in various orientations) and polysynthetic glide twinning on the rhombohedron [1011
CleavagePoor
FractureConchoidal, splintery
Mohs scale hardness9.0
LusterVitreous
StreakColorless
DiaphaneityTransparent to nearly opaque
Specific gravity3.98–4.06
Optical propertiesUniaxial (–), Abbe number 72.2
Refractive indexnω = 1.768–1.772
nε = 1.760–1.763
Birefringence0.008
PleochroismStrong
Melting point2,030–2,050 °C
FusibilityInfusible
SolubilityInsoluble
Other characteristicsCoefficient of thermal expansion (5.0–6.6)×10−6/K [citation needed]
relative permittivity at 20 °C
ε = 8.9–11.1 (anisotropic)[1]
Main sapphire-producing countries

Sapphire is a precious gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum, consisting of aluminium oxide (α-Al2O3) with trace amounts of elements such as iron, titanium, cobalt, lead, chromium, vanadium, magnesium, boron, and silicon. The name sapphire is derived from the Latin word sapphirus, itself from the Greek word sappheiros (σάπφειρος), which referred to lapis lazuli.[2] It is typically blue, but natural "fancy" sapphires also occur in yellow, purple, orange, and green colors; "parti sapphires" show two or more colors. Red corundum stones also occur, but are called rubies rather than sapphires.[3] Pink-colored corundum may be classified either as ruby or sapphire depending on the locale. Commonly, natural sapphires are cut and polished into gemstones and worn in jewelry. They also may be created synthetically in laboratories for industrial or decorative purposes in large crystal boules. Because of the remarkable hardness of sapphires – 9 on the Mohs scale (the third-hardest mineral, after diamond at 10 and moissanite at 9.5) – sapphires are also used in some non-ornamental applications, such as infrared optical components, high-durability windows, wristwatch crystals and movement bearings, and very thin electronic wafers, which are used as the insulating substrates of special-purpose solid-state electronics such as integrated circuits and GaN-based blue LEDs. Sapphire is the birthstone for September and the gem of the 45th anniversary. A sapphire jubilee occurs after 65 years.[4]

  1. ^ Harman, Alang Kasim; Ninomiya, Susumu; Adachi, Sadao (1994). "Optical constants of sapphire (alpha-Al2O3) single crystals". Journal of Applied Physics. 76 (12): 8032–8036. Bibcode:1994JAP....76.8032H. doi:10.1063/1.357922.
  2. ^ "Greek Word Study Tool". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  3. ^ "Sapphire". GIA. Gemological Institute of America Inc. Archived from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
  4. ^ "Queen's Sapphire Jubilee: Gun salutes mark 65 years on the throne". BBC News. 6 February 2017. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.

Sapphire

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