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| Saul שָׁאוּל | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Saul depicted in a detail from an 1878 oil painting by Ernst Josephson | |||||
| King of Israel | |||||
| Reign | c. 1030 BCE – c. 1010 BCE | ||||
| Successor | Ish-bosheth[1][2] | ||||
| Spouses | |||||
| Issue | |||||
| |||||
| House | House of Saul | ||||
| Father | Kish | ||||
Saul (/sɔːl/; Hebrew: שָׁאוּל, Šāʾūl; Greek: Σαούλ, Saoúl; transl. "asked/prayed for") was a monarch of ancient Israel and Judah and, according to the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament, the first king of the United Monarchy, a polity of uncertain historicity. His reign, traditionally placed in the late eleventh century BCE,[3] supposedly marked the transition of the Israelites from a scattered tribal society ruled by various judges to organized statehood.[4]
The historicity of Saul and the United Kingdom of Israel is not universally accepted, as what is known of both comes exclusively from the Hebrew Bible.[3][5] According to the text, he was anointed as king of the Israelites by Samuel, and reigned from Gibeah. Saul is said to have committed suicide when he fell on his sword during a battle with the Philistines at Mount Gilboa, in which three of his sons were also killed. Saul's son Ish-bosheth succeeded him to the throne, reigning for only two years before being murdered by his own military leaders. Saul's son-in-law David then became king.
The biblical narrative of Saul's rise to kingship and his death contains several textual inconsistencies and plays on words that scholars have discussed. These issues include conflicting accounts of Saul's anointing and death, changes in the portrayal of Saul from positive to negative following David's introduction, and etymological discrepancies in the birth-narrative of Samuel, which some scholars believe originally described Saul's birth.
- ^ Garfinkel, Yosef; Ganor, Saar; Hasel, Michael G. (2018). In the Footsteps of King David: Revelations from an Ancient Biblical City. Thames & Hudson. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-500-77428-1. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
- ^ Avioz, Michael (2015). Josephus' Interpretation of the Books of Samuel. Bloomsbury. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-567-45857-5. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
finkelsteinwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Van der Toorn, Karel (1993). "Saul and the rise of Israelite state religion". Vetus Testamentum. XLIII (4): 519–542. JSTOR 1518499.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Davidwas invoked but never defined (see the help page).