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In telecommunication and data transmission, serial communication is the process of sending data one bit at a time, sequentially, over a communication channel or computer bus. This is in contrast to parallel communication, where several bits are sent as a whole, on a link with several parallel channels.
Serial communication is used for all long-haul communication and most computer networks, where the cost of cable and synchronization difficulties make parallel communication impractical. Serial computer buses have become more common even at shorter distances, as improved signal integrity and transmission speeds in newer serial technologies have begun to outweigh the parallel bus's advantage of simplicity (no need for serializer and deserializer, or SerDes) and to outstrip its disadvantages (clock skew, interconnect density). The migration from PCI to PCI Express (PCIe) is an example.
Modern high speed serial interfaces such as PCIe[2][3][4] send data several bits at a time using modulation/encoding techniques such as PAM4 which groups 2 bits at a time into a single symbol, and several symbols are still sent one at the time. This replaces PAM2 or non return to zero (NRZ) which only sends one bit at a time, or in other words one bit per symbol.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] The symbols are sent at a speed known as the symbol rate or the baud rate.[13][14][15][16]
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- ^ Robinson, Dan (12 January 2022). "Final PCIe 6.0 specs unleashed: 64 GTps link speed incoming... with products to follow in 2023". The Register.
- ^ "PCIe 7.0 Draft 0.5 Spec Available: 512 GB/S over PCIe x16 on Track for 2025".
- ^ "PCIe 5.0 is just beginning to come to new PCS, but version 6.0 is already here". 12 January 2022.
- ^ Handbook of Serial Communications Interfaces: A Comprehensive Compendium of Serial Digital Input/Output (I/O) Standards. Newnes. 21 August 2015. ISBN 978-0-12-800671-9.
- ^ "PAM4: For Better and Worse | 2019-02-26 | Signal Integrity Journal".
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- ^ Zhang, Hongtao; Jiao, Brandon; Liao, Yu; Zhang, Geoff. PAM4 Signaling for 56G Serial Link Applications − A Tutorial (PDF). DesignCon 2016.
- ^ "PAM4 Signaling in High-Speed Serial Technology: Test, Analysis, and Debug" (PDF) (application note). Tektronix.
- ^ Pan, Zhongqi; Yue, Yang (3 December 2019). Advanced DSP Techniques for High-Capacity and Energy-Efficient Optical Fiber Communications. ISBN 978-3-03921-792-2.
- ^ Essentials of Modern Communications. John Wiley & Sons. 4 August 2020. ISBN 978-1-119-52149-5.
- ^ Kim, Gain (January 2022). "Design Space Exploration of Single-Lane OFDM-Based Serial Links for High-Speed Wireline Communications". IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems. 3 (1). Figure 2. doi:10.1109/OJCAS.2022.3189550. ISSN 2644-1225.
- ^ "Eye diagrams: The tool for serial data analysis". 4 June 2019.
- ^ "Advantages of PAM4 modulation | Disadvantages PAM4 signaling".
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- ^ Complex Digital Hardware Design. CRC Press. 9 May 2024. ISBN 978-1-040-01179-9.