Shepherds' Crusade (1320)

The Shepherds' Crusade of 1320 was a popular crusade in Normandy in June 1320.^[1] Also well known as "the Pastoureaux of 1320".^[2] It originally began when a large group of common-folk banded together to preach a crusade after a teenage shepherd said he was visited by the Holy Spirit.^[3] Initially aiming to help the Reconquista of Iberia, it failed to gain support from the church or nobility and instead murdered hundreds of Jews in France and Aragon.

In the beginning, the movement was aimed against Islam and for ethnic cleansing of Muslims in Spain for the sake of purification of the society. Later however, when the would-be crusaders moved out of Normandy towards the south of France, their target became the Jews. The movement's actions were not only an expression of antisemitism, but also a protest against the economic policies of the royals and the monarchy.^[4]^[5]

^ Weakland, John (1976). "Pastorelli, Pope, and Persecution: A Tragic Episode in 1320". Jewish Social Studies. 38 (1): 73–76. JSTOR 4466910.
^ Barber, Malcolm (April 1981). "The Pastoureaux of 1320". The Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 32 (2): 143–166. doi:10.1017/S0022046900032656. ISSN 1469-7637. S2CID 162883110.
^ Weakland, John (1976). "Pastorelli, Pope, and Persecution: A Tragic Episode in 1320". Jewish Social Studies. 38: 1.
^ Kuzdale, Ann (1998). "Review of Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages by David Nirenberg". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 66 (1): 191–194. doi:10.1093/jaarel/66.1.191. ISSN 0002-7189. JSTOR 1466255.
^ RAPOPORT, DAVID C. (2016). "Review of Holy War, Martyrdom and Terror: Christianity, Violence and the West, ca. 70 C.E. to the Iraq War by Philippe Buc". Journal of World History. 27 (2): 332–335. ISSN 1045-6007. JSTOR 43901855.

[1] Weakland, John (1976). "Pastorelli, Pope, and Persecution: A Tragic Episode in 1320". Jewish Social Studies. 38 (1): 73–76. JSTOR 4466910.

[:0-2] Barber, Malcolm (April 1981). "The Pastoureaux of 1320". The Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 32 (2): 143–166. doi:10.1017/S0022046900032656. ISSN 1469-7637. S2CID 162883110.

[3] Weakland, John (1976). "Pastorelli, Pope, and Persecution: A Tragic Episode in 1320". Jewish Social Studies. 38: 1.

[:1-4] Kuzdale, Ann (1998). "Review of Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages by David Nirenberg". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 66 (1): 191–194. doi:10.1093/jaarel/66.1.191. ISSN 0002-7189. JSTOR 1466255.

[5] RAPOPORT, DAVID C. (2016). "Review of Holy War, Martyrdom and Terror: Christianity, Violence and the West, ca. 70 C.E. to the Iraq War by Philippe Buc". Journal of World History. 27 (2): 332–335. ISSN 1045-6007. JSTOR 43901855.

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