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Sino-French War

Sino-French War
Part of the French conquest of Vietnam and the Tonkin campaign

Operations of the Sino-French War
Date22 August 1884 – 4 April 1885 (7 months, 1 week and 6 days)
Location
Southeast China, Taiwan, Northern Vietnam
Result See § Aftermath
Territorial
changes		 French protectorates of Tonkin and Annam recognized by China
Belligerents
France
Commanders and leaders
Strength
  • Vietnam:
  • French army: 25,000[1]
  • Local Irregulars: 6,000[1]
  • Taiwan:
  • Army: 3,000[2]
  • Navy: 11 warships[2]
  • Vietnam:
  • Yunnan army: 50,000[3]
  • Guangxi-Guangdong army: 40,000+[4][5]
  • Black Flag Army: 5,000[6]
  • Local Irregulars: 20,000[6]
  • Taiwan:
  • regulars: 16,000[7]
  • Irregulars: 20,000[7]
Casualties and losses
Clodfelter:
  • 4,200 killed and wounded[8]
  • 5,223 died of disease[9]

Mounier-Kuhn:

  • 811 killed[10]
  • 2,093 wounded[10]
  • Unknown died of disease
  • At least 10,000 killed[9]
  • Unknown wounded[9]
  • Yunnan army:
  • 20,000 people did not return to their home country[3][a]
  • Other troops:
  • Unknown

The Sino-French War,[b] also known as the Tonkin War,[11] was a limited conflict fought from August 1884 to April 1885 between the French Third Republic and Qing China for influence in Vietnam. There was no declaration of war.

The Chinese armies performed better than in their other nineteenth-century wars. Although French forces emerged victorious from most engagements, the Chinese scored noteworthy successes on land,[12] notably forcing the French to hastily withdraw from occupied Lạng Sơn in the late stages of the war, thus gaining control of the town and its surroundings.[13] However, a lack of foreign support, French naval supremacy, and northern threats posed by Russia and Japan forced China to enter negotiations.[14][15][16]

China ceded to France its sphere of influence over Northern and Central Vietnam, which respectively became the protectorates of Tonkin and Annam. Both sides ratified the Treaty of Tientsin[17] and no diplomatic gain was reaped by either nation.[18] On another note, the war strengthened the dominance of Empress Dowager Cixi over the Chinese government but France securing its strategic objective did not prevent the collapse of French Prime Minister Jules Ferry's government for whom the Tonkin Affair was ignominious.

  1. ^ a b Mounier-Kuhn 2005, p. 69.
  2. ^ a b 林君成 2008, p. 2-30.
  3. ^ a b c 龍永行 1994, p. 71.
  4. ^ 廣西社會科學編輯部 1986, p. 70.
  5. ^ 廖宗麟 2002, p. 624.
  6. ^ a b 龍永行 1994, p. 70.
  7. ^ a b 林君成 2008, p. 5-13.
  8. ^ Clodfelter 2017, p. 239.
  9. ^ a b c Clodfelter 2017, pp. 238–239.
  10. ^ a b Mounier-Kuhn 2005, p. 265.
  11. ^ See Anonymous, "Named To Be Rear Admiral: Eventful and Varied Career of 'Sailor Joe' Skerrett," The New York Times, April 19, 1894.
  12. ^ Elleman 2001, p. 87.
  13. ^ Elleman 2001, pp. 87, 90.
  14. ^ Elliott 2002, p. 194.
  15. ^ Elleman 2001, p. 90.
  16. ^ Tseng 2016, p. 21.
  17. ^ Twitchett, Cambridge History of China, xi. 251; Chere 1988, pp. 188–90
  18. ^ Eastman 1967, p. 201.


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Sino-French War

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