A social construct is any category or thing that is made real by convention or collective agreement.[1][2] Socially constructed realities are contrasted with natural kinds, which exist independently of human behavior or beliefs.[1][2]
Simple examples of social constructs are the meaning of words and the value of paper money.[3] Other examples, such as race, were formerly considered controversial but are now accepted by the consensus of scientists to be socially constructed rather than naturally determined.[4][5][6] Still other possible examples, such as the concepts that make up scientific theories, remain the subject of ongoing philosophical debate.[7][8]
- ^ a b "Social Constructionism". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
- ^ a b Searle, John (2010). The Construction of Social Reality. Free Press. pp. 3–8.
- ^ Elder-Vass, Dave (2012). The Reality of Social Construction. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5, 10. ISBN 9781107024373.
- ^ "Race". National Human Genome Research Institute.
Race is a social construct used to group people. Race was constructed as a hierarchal human-grouping system, generating racial classifications to identify, distinguish and marginalize some groups across nations, regions and the world. Race divides human populations into groups often based on physical appearance, social factors and cultural backgrounds.
- ^ "AABA Statement on Race & Racism". American Association of Biological Anthropologists. 2019.
Race does not provide an accurate representation of human biological variation. It was never accurate in the past, and it remains inaccurate when referencing contemporary human populations. Humans are not divided biologically into distinct continental types or racial genetic clusters. Instead, the Western concept of race must be understood as a classification system that emerged from, and in support of, European colonialism, oppression, and discrimination. It thus does not have its roots in biological reality, but in policies of discrimination. Because of that, over the last five centuries, race has become a social reality that structures societies and how we experience the world. In this regard, race is real, as is racism, and both have real biological consequences.
- ^ Using Population Descriptors in Genetics and Genomics Research: A New Framework for an Evolving Field (Consensus Study Report). National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023.
In humans, race is a socially constructed designation, a misleading and harmful surrogate for population genetic differences, and has a long history of being incorrectly identified as the major genetic reason for phenotypic differences between groups.
- ^ Stephen L., Goldman (2022). Science Wars: The Battle Over Knowledge and Reality. Oxford University Press. pp. 239ff. ISBN 9780197518625.
- ^ Mallon, Ron (11 January 2019). "Naturalistic Approaches to Social Construction". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.