Title IX

Title IX
Long title	An Act to amend the Higher Education Act of 1965, the Vocational Education Act of 1963, the General Education Provisions Act (creating a National Foundation for Postsecondary Education and a National Institute of Education), the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, Public Law 874, Eighty-first Congress, and related Acts, and for other purposes.
Nicknames	Education Amendments of 1972
Enacted by	the 92nd United States Congress
Effective	June 23, 1972
Citations
Public law	92-318
Statutes at Large	86 Stat. 235
Codification
Acts amended	Higher Education Act of 1965; Vocational Education Act of 1963; General Education Provisions Act; Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965;
Titles amended	20 U.S.C.: Education
U.S.C. sections created	20 U.S.C. ch. 38 § 1681 et seq.
Legislative history
	Introduced in the Senate as S. 659 by Birch Bayh (D–IN) on February 28, 1972; Committee consideration by House Subcommittee on Higher Education; Passed the Senate on March 1, 1972 (88–6); Passed the House on May 11, 1972 (275–125); Reported by the joint conference committee on May 24, 1972; agreed to by the Senate on May 24, 1972 (63–15) and by the House on June 8, 1973 (218–180); Signed into law by President Richard Nixon on June 23, 1972;
United States Supreme Court cases
	Cannon v. University of Chicago, 441 U.S. 677 (1979); North Haven Bd. of Ed. v. Bell, 456 U.S. 512 (1982); Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan, 458 U.S. 718 (1982); Iron Arrow Honor Soc. v. Heckler, 464 U.S. 67 (1983); Grove City College v. Bell, 465 U.S. 555 (1984); Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools, 503 U.S. 60 (1992); Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District, 524 U.S. 274 (1998); NCAA v. Smith, 525 U.S. 459 (1999); Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education, 526 U.S. 629 (1999); Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education, 544 U.S. 167 (2005); Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee, 555 U.S. 246 (2009);

Title IX is a landmark federal civil rights law in the United States that was enacted as part (Title IX) of the Education Amendments of 1972. It prohibits sex-based discrimination in any school or any other education program that receives funding from the federal government. This is Public Law No. 92‑318, 86 Stat. 235 (June 23, 1972), codified at 20 U.S.C. §§ 1681–1688.

Senator Birch Bayh wrote the 37 opening words of Title IX.^[1]^[2] Bayh first introduced an amendment to the Higher Education Act to ban discrimination on the basis of sex on August 6, 1971, and again on February 28, 1972, when it passed the Senate. Representative Edith Green, chair of the Subcommittee on Education, had held hearings on discrimination against women, and introduced legislation in the House on May 11, 1972. The full Congress passed Title IX on June 8, 1972.^[3] Representative Patsy Mink emerged in the House to lead efforts to protect Title IX against attempts to weaken it, and it was later renamed the Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act following Mink's death in 2002.^[4] When Title IX was passed in 1972, 42 percent of the students enrolled in American colleges were female.^[5]

The purpose of Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 was to update Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned several forms of discrimination in employment, but did not address or mention discrimination in education.

^ Hunsinger Benbow, Dana (March 14, 2019). "Sen. Birch Bayh, in tears: 'I had no idea that Title IX would have this kind of impact'". IndyStar. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
^ Arvidson, Cheryl (September 20, 1975). "Senate ERA author fights sports bill". Chicago Defender. Retrieved June 20, 2022 – via ProQuest.
^ "Title IX: Legislative History". Civil Rights Division. U.S. Department of Justice. August 6, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
^ Miller, George (October 29, 2002). "H.J. Res. 113 – 107th Congress (2001–2002): Recognizing the contributions of Patsy Takemoto Mink". www.congress.gov. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
^ Melnick, R. Shep (2018). "ONE Rights Regulation". The Transformation of Title IX: Regulating Gender Equality in Education. Brookings Institution Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8157-3222-8. JSTOR 10.7864/j.ctt1vw0rgc. In 1972, 58 percent of college students were male and 42 percent female. By 2010 those numbers had flipped: 57 percent of college students were women, and that number keeps creeping up.

[1] Hunsinger Benbow, Dana (March 14, 2019). "Sen. Birch Bayh, in tears: 'I had no idea that Title IX would have this kind of impact'". IndyStar. Retrieved June 20, 2022.

[2] Arvidson, Cheryl (September 20, 1975). "Senate ERA author fights sports bill". Chicago Defender. Retrieved June 20, 2022 – via ProQuest.

[3] "Title IX: Legislative History". Civil Rights Division. U.S. Department of Justice. August 6, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2022.

[4] Miller, George (October 29, 2002). "H.J. Res. 113 – 107th Congress (2001–2002): Recognizing the contributions of Patsy Takemoto Mink". www.congress.gov. Retrieved March 30, 2020.

[5] Melnick, R. Shep (2018). "ONE Rights Regulation". The Transformation of Title IX: Regulating Gender Equality in Education. Brookings Institution Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8157-3222-8. JSTOR 10.7864/j.ctt1vw0rgc. In 1972, 58 percent of college students were male and 42 percent female. By 2010 those numbers had flipped: 57 percent of college students were women, and that number keeps creeping up.

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