Viridiplantae

Viridiplantae Temporal range: Stenian[1] – Present Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had.
An assortment of thallophyte Viridiplantae in a rock pool, Taiwan
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Clade:	Diaphoretickes
Clade:	CAM
Clade:	Archaeplastida
Clade:	Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith, 1981
Subgroups
Prasinodermophyta Chlorophyta Streptophyta Mesostigmatophyceae Chlorokybophyceae Klebsormidiophyceae Charophyceae Coleochaetophyceae Zygnematophyceae Embryophyta
Synonyms
Plantae, Copeland, 1938, 1956[2][3] Euchlorophyta Whittaker, 1969[4] Chlorophyta sensu van den Hoek & Jahns, 1978[5] Chlorobionta Jeffrey 1982, emend. Bremer 1985, emend. Lewis and McCourt 2004 Chlorobiota Kendrick and Crane 1997 Chloroplastida Adl et al., 2005 Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith 1981[6] Phyta Barkley 1939 emed. Holt & Uidica 2007 Cormophyta Endlicher, 1836 Cormobionta Rothmaler, 1948 Euplanta Barkley, 1949 Telomobionta Takhtajan, 1964 Embryobionta Cronquist et al., 1966 Metaphyta Whittaker, 1969

Viridiplantae (lit. 'green plants')^[6] is a clade of around 450,000–500,000 species of eukaryotic organisms, most of which obtain their energy by photosynthesis. The green plants are chloroplast-bearing autotrophs that play important primary production roles in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.^[7] They include green algae, which are primarily aquatic, and the land plants (embryophytes), which emerged within freshwater green algae.^[8][9][10] Green algae traditionally excludes the land plants, rendering them a paraphyletic group, however it is cladistically accurate to think of land plants as a special clade of green algae that evolved to thrive on dry land.^[11] Since the realization that the embryophytes emerged from within the green algae, some authors are starting to include them.^{[11][12][13][14][15]}

Viridiplantae species all have cells with cellulose in their cell walls, and primary chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria that contain chlorophylls a and b and lack phycobilins. Corroborating this, a basal phagotroph Archaeplastida group has been found in the Rhodelphydia.^[16] In some classification systems, the group has been treated as a kingdom,^[17] under various names, e.g. Viridiplantae, Chlorobionta, or simply Plantae, the latter expanding the traditional plant kingdom to include the green algae. Adl et al., who produced a classification for all eukaryotes in 2005, introduced the name Chloroplastida for this group, reflecting the group having primary chloroplasts. They rejected the name Viridiplantae on the grounds that some of the species are not plants as understood traditionally.^[18] Together with Rhodophyta and glaucophytes, Viridiplantae are thought to belong to a larger clade called Archaeplastida or Primoplantae.