Philip I on a tetradrachm

Philip I Philadelphus (between 124 and 109 – 83 or 75 BC) reigned as King of Syria, a ruler of the Seleucid Empire, in the early years of the 1st century BC when the country was torn apart by civil wars amongst Seleucid claimants. Seleucus VI, Philip's oldest brother, was killed during the war with their cousin Antiochus X in 94 BC. Philip declared himself king jointly with his twin Antiochus XI, and took the capital Antioch, where Antiochus XI took residence as the senior king, while Philip remained in a base in Cilicia. Antiochus X returned and killed Antiochus XI in 93 BC. Philip allied with another brother, Demetrius III, who ended up taking Antioch after Antiochus X's death, and besieged Philip, who allied himself with the Parthians and took the capital, becoming the senior king of Syria. Philip's death year is unknown, but probably before 75 BC. He was apparently considered the last legitimate king of Syria by the Romans, who continued to issue coins with Philip's portrait until 13 BC. (Full article...)

Hall of Casals Forum

• ... that the walls of the Kronberg Academy's Casals Forum (pictured) are curved and covered with wood in a manner reminiscent of a string instrument?
• ... that after his release from a hospital for the criminally insane, Richard Dixon burgled $16 from a credit union and hijacked a jet to Cuba?
• ... that some evangelical Christians confess their sexual temptations to an accountability partner to maintain their sexual purity?
• ... that John Allen Lewis printed the Los Angeles Star, the first newspaper to appear in Los Angeles in 1851, with two pages written in English and two in Spanish?
• ... that Frederick the Great personally convicted six judges for their involvement in the Miller Arnold case and sentenced them to a custodial penalty?
• ... that Halyna Kuzmenko promoted the Ukrainization of the Makhnovist movement, successfully increasing the use of the Ukrainian language by Russian speakers?
• ... that recruitment to the British Canton Coolie Corps suffered due to false rumours that men would be used as human shields in the Second Opium War?
• ... that there is a Loch Ness Monster in Williamsburg, Virginia?

Rishi Sunak

• At least 151 people are killed and more than 80 others are injured in a crowd crush during Halloween festivities in Seoul, South Korea.
• A mass shooting leaves at least 13 people dead at the Shah Cheragh mosque in Shiraz, Iran.
• Rishi Sunak (pictured) succeeds Liz Truss as leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
• Xi Jinping is named General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party for a third term after the conclusion of the Party Congress.

October 30: Mischief Night

George I of Greece in 1863

• 1806 – War of the Fourth Coalition: Believing that they were outnumbered, the German garrison at Stettin surrendered to a much smaller French force without a fight.
• 1863 – Seventeen-year-old Vilhelm, Prince of Denmark, arrived in Athens to become King George I of Greece (pictured).
• 1888 – King Lobengula of Matabeleland granted the Rudd Concession to agents of Cecil Rhodes, leading to the creation of the British South Africa Company.
• 1960 – At the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Michael Woodruff performed the first successful kidney transplantation in the United Kingdom.
• 1965 – English model Jean Shrimpton wore a controversially short minidress to Derby Day at Flemington Racecourse in Melbourne, Australia – a pivotal moment of the introduction of the miniskirt to women's fashion.