Osman I

Osman I
	Miniatura ottomana, c.1580
Sultano dell'Impero ottomano; Ghazi, Bey
In carica	1299 –; 1326 circa
Predecessore	titolo istituito
Successore	Orhan I
Uç bey del Sultanato di Rum
In carica	1281 –; 1299
Predecessore	Ertuğrul Ghazi
Successore	titolo abolito
Nome completo	Osman Gazi bin Ertuğrul Gazi bin Gündüz Alp
Altri titoli	Muḥiuddin, Fakhruddin, Emir
Nascita	Söğüt, 1254 circa
Morte	Bursa, Impero ottomano, 1326 circa
Sepoltura	Türbe di Osman I
Luogo di sepoltura	Bursa, Turchia
Dinastia	ottomana
Padre	Ertuğrul Ghazi
Madre	Halime Hatun
Consorte	Rabia Bala Hatun; Malhun Hatun
Figli	Orhan I; Alaeddin Ali Pasha; Altri
Religione	Islam sunnita

Osman I (turco ottomano: عثمان غازى, noto anche come Osman Ghazi, turco: Osman Gazi o I.Osman, occasionalmente in italiano: Osmano I; Söğüt, 1254 circa – Bursa, 1326 circa) è stato il fondatore e primo sovrano dell'impero ottomano, nonché il capostipite della sua dinastia regnante, la quale governò fino alla deposizione nel 1922.

Figura storica ma dai contorni quasi mitici a causa della scarsità di fonti, in particolare della totale assenza di documenti ottomani coevi, gli storici hanno da sempre difficoltà a separare le informazioni veritiere da quelle leggendarie^[1]^[2], tanto da aver descritto la sua vita come un "buco nero"^[3]: un esempio di ciò è la proclamata discendenza di Osman dalla tribù Kayı dei turchi Oghuz^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7].

È comunque accertato che Osman trasformò il suo piccolo beylik in Bitinia, non dissimile dai tanti che all'epoca si dividevano la regione anatolica se non per la posizione, particolarmente favorevole per attacchi al morente impero bizantino, nel nucleo di un potente impero che sarebbe cresciuto nel corso di sette secoli fino a estendersi su tre continenti, per poi frantumarsi ed essere abolito a seguito della prima guerra mondiale^[8]^[9].

^ Caroline Finkel, Osman's dream: the story of the Ottoman Empire 1300 - 1923, Basic Books, 2007, p. 6, ISBN 978-0-465-02396-7.
«Modern historians attempt to sift historical fact from the myths contained in the later stories in which the Ottoman chroniclers accounted for the origins of the dynasty»
^ Cemal Kafandar, Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State, 1995, pp. 12, 93, 105..
«There is still not one authentic written document known from the time of ʿOsmān, and there are not many from the fourteenth century altogether»
^ Colin Imber, The Ottoman Emirate (1300–1389), Crete University Press, 1991, p. 75.
«Almost all the traditional tales about Osman Gazi are fictitious. The best thing a modern historian can do is to admit frankly that the earliest history of the Ottomans is a black hole. Any attempt to fill this hole will result simply in more fables.»
^ Kafandar 1995; pp.10, 37, 122. «That they hailed from the Kayı branch of the Oğuz confederacy seems to be a creative "rediscovery" in the genealogical concoction of the fifteenth century. It is missing not only in Ahmedi but also, and more importantly, in the Yahşi Fakih-Aşıkpaşazade narrative, which gives its own version of an elaborate genealogical family tree going back to Noah. If there was a particularly significant claim to Kayı lineage, it is hard to imagine that Yahşi Fakih would not have heard of it»
^ Heath W. Lowry, The nature of the early Ottoman state, collana SUNY series in the social and economic history of the Middle East, State University of New York Press, 2003, p. 78, ISBN 978-0-7914-5636-1.
«Based on these charters, all of which were drawn up between 1324 and 1360 (almost one hundred fifty years prior to the emergence of the Ottoman dynastic myth identifying them as members of the Kayı branch of the Oguz federation of Turkish tribes), we may posit that...»
^ Rudi Paul Linder, Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia, Indiana University Press, 1983, p. 10.
«In fact, no matter how one were to try, the sources simply do not allow the recovery of a family tree linking the antecedents of Osman to the Kayı of the Oğuz tribe»
^ Colin Imber, The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650, 2002, p. 95.
^ (EN) Osman I | Founder, Conqueror, Empire Builder | Britannica, su britannica.com, 29 marzo 2024.
^ Donald Quataert, Ottoman Empire 1700–1999, 2005; p.4

[1] Caroline Finkel, Osman's dream: the story of the Ottoman Empire 1300 - 1923, Basic Books, 2007, p. 6, ISBN 978-0-465-02396-7.
«Modern historians attempt to sift historical fact from the myths contained in the later stories in which the Ottoman chroniclers accounted for the origins of the dynasty»

[2] Cemal Kafandar, Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State, 1995, pp. 12, 93, 105..
«There is still not one authentic written document known from the time of ʿOsmān, and there are not many from the fourteenth century altogether»

[3] Colin Imber, The Ottoman Emirate (1300–1389), Crete University Press, 1991, p. 75.
«Almost all the traditional tales about Osman Gazi are fictitious. The best thing a modern historian can do is to admit frankly that the earliest history of the Ottomans is a black hole. Any attempt to fill this hole will result simply in more fables.»

[:4-4] Kafandar 1995; pp.10, 37, 122. «That they hailed from the Kayı branch of the Oğuz confederacy seems to be a creative "rediscovery" in the genealogical concoction of the fifteenth century. It is missing not only in Ahmedi but also, and more importantly, in the Yahşi Fakih-Aşıkpaşazade narrative, which gives its own version of an elaborate genealogical family tree going back to Noah. If there was a particularly significant claim to Kayı lineage, it is hard to imagine that Yahşi Fakih would not have heard of it»

[:5-5] Heath W. Lowry, The nature of the early Ottoman state, collana SUNY series in the social and economic history of the Middle East, State University of New York Press, 2003, p. 78, ISBN 978-0-7914-5636-1.
«Based on these charters, all of which were drawn up between 1324 and 1360 (almost one hundred fifty years prior to the emergence of the Ottoman dynastic myth identifying them as members of the Kayı branch of the Oguz federation of Turkish tribes), we may posit that...»

[:6-6] Rudi Paul Linder, Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia, Indiana University Press, 1983, p. 10.
«In fact, no matter how one were to try, the sources simply do not allow the recovery of a family tree linking the antecedents of Osman to the Kayı of the Oğuz tribe»

[:9-7] Colin Imber, The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650, 2002, p. 95.

[:12-8] (EN) Osman I | Founder, Conqueror, Empire Builder | Britannica, su britannica.com, 29 marzo 2024.

[:13-9] Donald Quataert, Ottoman Empire 1700–1999, 2005; p.4

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Osman I
Miniatura ottomana, c.1580
Sultano dell'Impero ottomano Ghazi, Bey
In carica	1299 – 1326 circa
Predecessore	titolo istituito
Successore	Orhan I
Uç bey del Sultanato di Rum
In carica	1281 – 1299
Predecessore	Ertuğrul Ghazi
Successore	titolo abolito

Nome completo	Osman Gazi bin Ertuğrul Gazi bin Gündüz Alp
Altri titoli	Muḥiuddin, Fakhruddin, Emir
Nascita	Söğüt, 1254 circa
Morte	Bursa, Impero ottomano, 1326 circa
Sepoltura	Türbe di Osman I
Luogo di sepoltura	Bursa, Turchia
Dinastia	ottomana
Padre	Ertuğrul Ghazi
Madre	Halime Hatun
Consorte	Rabia Bala Hatun Malhun Hatun
Figli	Orhan I Alaeddin Ali Pasha Altri
Religione	Islam sunnita