Metabolismus

Structura adenosini triphosphorici (ATP), coenzymi intermedii in **metabolismo** energiae

Metabolismus^[1] (vocabulum a verbo Graeco μεταβολή 'mutatio' deductum) est congeries reactionum chemicarum, quae in organismis vivis, ut vita sustineatur, fiunt. Hae rationes organismos crescere et regigni sinunt, structuras eorum sustinere rebusque circumiectis respondere. Metabolismus in duas categorias plerumque dividitur: catabolismus materiem organicam dissolvit, exempli gratia ut energia in respiratione cellularum capiatur; anabolismus autem energia utitur, ut partes cellularum sicut proteina et acida nucleica fiant.

Chemicae metabolismi reactiones in vias metabolicas digeruntur, in quibus unum chemicum gradatim per seriem enzymorum in aliud chemicum convertitur. Enzyma metabolismo magni momenti sunt, quia organismos agere reactiones optabiles sinunt, quae energiam requirunt solaeque non accidunt, copulando has reactiones ad reactiones spontaneas, quae energiam liberant. Enzyma enim sunt catalystae^?, ea has reactiones velociter efficienterque procedere sinunt.

Enzyma etiam sinunt regulationem^? viarum metabolicarum, quae mutationibus cellularum circumiectorum signisve aliarum cellularum respondet. Metabolismus organismi decernit, quas res organismus habet nutrimenta^? et quas venena. Exempli gratia aliis prokaryotis hydrogenii sulphidum est nutrimentum, sed idem gas animalibus est venenosum.^[2] Celeritas metabolismi, modus metabolicus^? etiam impellit, quanta alimenta organismus requirat.

Conspicua metabolismi proprietas est similitudo primarum viarum metabolicarum et elementorum inter etiam diversissimas species.^[3] Exempli gratia acida carboxylica, ut media in cyclo acidi citrici notissima, in omnibus organismis adsunt, adeo in speciebus tam diversis quam Escherichia coli, bacterium unicellulare, et tam immanibus quam organismi multicellulares sicut elephantes.^[4] Hae conspicuae metabolismi similitudines probabiliter amplam implicant efficentiam harum viarum et ortum earum primis temporibus in evolutionaria vitae historia.^[5]^[6]

↑ Ephemeris 2007.
↑ Friedrich C. (1998). "Physiology and genetics of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria". Adv Microb Physiol 39: 235–289
↑ Pace NR (January 2001). "The universal nature of biochemistry". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (3): 805–808 .
↑ Smith E, Morowitz H (2004). "Universality in intermediary metabolism". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 (36): 13168–73 .
↑ Ebenhöh O, Heinrich R (2001). "Evolutionary optimization of metabolic pathways. Theoretical reconstruction of the stoichiometry of ATP and NADH producing systems". Bull Math Biol 63 (1): 21–55 .
↑ Meléndez-Hevia E, Waddell T, Cascante M (1996). "The puzzle of the Krebs citric acid cycle: assembling the pieces of chemically feasible reactions, and opportunism in the design of metabolic pathways during evolution". J Mol Evol 43 (3): 293–303 .

[1] Ephemeris 2007.

[Physiology1-2] Friedrich C. (1998). "Physiology and genetics of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria". Adv Microb Physiol 39: 235–289

[3] Pace NR (January 2001). "The universal nature of biochemistry". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (3): 805–808 .

[SmithE-4] Smith E, Morowitz H (2004). "Universality in intermediary metabolism". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 (36): 13168–73 .

[Ebenhoh-5] Ebenhöh O, Heinrich R (2001). "Evolutionary optimization of metabolic pathways. Theoretical reconstruction of the stoichiometry of ATP and NADH producing systems". Bull Math Biol 63 (1): 21–55 .

[Cascante-6] Meléndez-Hevia E, Waddell T, Cascante M (1996). "The puzzle of the Krebs citric acid cycle: assembling the pieces of chemically feasible reactions, and opportunism in the design of metabolic pathways during evolution". J Mol Evol 43 (3): 293–303 .

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