Torah Lisan

Torah Lisan merangkumi adat resam perundangan dan tafsiran yang mengikut tradisinya disampaikan secara lisan dari Gunung Sinai, dan tidak tertulis dalam Torah. Mengikut Judaisme Rabai, Torah lisan, atau hukum-hakam lisan, atau tradisi lisan (Bahasa Ibrani:תורה שבעל פה , Torah she-be-al peh) disampaikan oleh Tuhan secara lisan kepada Moses bersama-sama Torah bertulis (Ibrani:תורה שבכתב , Torah she-bi-khtav). Selepas itu Torah Lisan disampaikan secara lisan kepada rabai dari zaman ke zaman,^[1]^[2] sehinggalah dibukukan dan ditulis dalam Talmud (Ibrani :תַּלְמוּד ). Sementara masyarakat lain dan kelompok lain Yahudi juga memiliki tradisi lisan, hanya para Rabai yang memberi pengetian ideologi kepada fakta yang mereka menyebarkan tradisi mereka secara lisan.^[3]

Rabai zaman Talmud melihat Torah Lisan dari dua sudut. Pertama, tradisi Rabai menganggap Torah Lisan sebagai rantaian periwayatan tak terputus. Ciri khusus pandangan ini ialah Torah Lisan "disampaikan melalui percakapan dan dihafal".^[4] Kedua, para Rabai juga menganggap Torah Lisan sebagai satu tradisi pentafsiran, dan bukan sekadar tradisi yang dihafal. Dalam pandangan ini, Torah yang tertulis dilihat sebagai memiliki banyak tahap pentafsiran. Terpulanglah kepada generasi terkemudian yang berilmu dengan pentafsiran tradisi lisan bagi mengetemui tafsiran ("yang tersorok") yang tidak ditunjukkan oleh Moses.^[5] Mengikut pendapat ramai, 'Torah lisan' akhirnya dirakam dalam Masnah, Talmud dan Midras.

^ Howard Schwartz, Tree of souls: the mythology of Judaism, Oxford University Press, 2004. p lv
^ The form of Judaism that does not recognize an Oral Torah as authoritative, instead relying on the most natural meaning of the Written Torah to form the basis of Jewish law, is known as Karaite Judaism.
^ Elizabeth Shanks Alexander, The Orality of Rabbinic Writing, in The Cambridge Companion to the Talmud, ed. Martin Jaffee, 2007.
^ Elizabeth Shanks Alexander, The Orality of Rabbinic Writing, in The Cambridge Companion to the Talmud, ed. Martin Jaffee, 2007. p. 39. This is attested to in numerous sources, such as Mishna Avot 1:1. The manner of teaching and memorization is described in B. Eruvin 54b.
^ In Rabbinic literature this view is exemplified by the story of Rabbi Akiva who expounded heaps and heaps of laws from the scriptural crowns of the letters in the written Torah. The Talmud relays that Moses himself would not understand these interpretations, nevertheless, these are also called Mosaic traditions (Halakha leMoshe miSinai). B Menahot 29b. See, Elizabeth Shanks Alexander, op cit.

[1] Howard Schwartz, Tree of souls: the mythology of Judaism, Oxford University Press, 2004. p lv

[2] The form of Judaism that does not recognize an Oral Torah as authoritative, instead relying on the most natural meaning of the Written Torah to form the basis of Jewish law, is known as Karaite Judaism.

[3] Elizabeth Shanks Alexander, The Orality of Rabbinic Writing, in The Cambridge Companion to the Talmud, ed. Martin Jaffee, 2007.

[4] Elizabeth Shanks Alexander, The Orality of Rabbinic Writing, in The Cambridge Companion to the Talmud, ed. Martin Jaffee, 2007. p. 39. This is attested to in numerous sources, such as Mishna Avot 1:1. The manner of teaching and memorization is described in B. Eruvin 54b.

[5] In Rabbinic literature this view is exemplified by the story of Rabbi Akiva who expounded heaps and heaps of laws from the scriptural crowns of the letters in the written Torah. The Talmud relays that Moses himself would not understand these interpretations, nevertheless, these are also called Mosaic traditions (Halakha leMoshe miSinai). B Menahot 29b. See, Elizabeth Shanks Alexander, op cit.

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