Safawieden

سلسله صفویه ایران
(Details)	(Details)
Kaart
	Het rijk van de Safawieden toen het op zijn grootst was in 1512.
Algemene gegevens
Hoofdstad	Tabriz, Qazvin, Isfahan
Talen	Perzisch (bestuurstaal) Azeri Turks (vorstenhuis)
Religie(s)	Sjiisme
Regering
Regeringsvorm	Koninkrijk
Dynastie	Safawieden
Staatshoofd	Koning (Sjah)
Voorgaande en opvolgende staten
Ak Koyunlu; Timoeriden; Marashiyanen; Paduspaniden; Mihrabaniden; Afrasiaben; Kia'iden;	Afshariden; Hotakiden; Ottomaanse Rijk;

De Safawieden (Perzisch: سلسلهٔ صفويان; Azerbeidzjaans: Səfəvilər dövləti, صفوی‌لر) waren een Perzische dynastie van Azerbeidzjaanse afkomst. Zij regeerden van 1501 tot 1722 over Perzië (Iran). Oorspronkelijk waren zij leiders van een soennitische mystieke orde,^[7] maar in de tweede helft van de vijftiende eeuw werd dit een sjiitische politieke beweging die vanuit de stad Ardebil geheel Perzië wist te veroveren. De bekendste vorst uit de Safawieden-dynastie is Abbas I de Grote. De Safawieden maakten de sjiitische islam de staatsgodsdienst van het Perzische rijk.^[8]

↑ Roemer, H. R. (1986). "The Safavid Period". The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 189–350. ISBN 0-521-20094-6, p. 331: "Depressing though the condition in the country may have been at the time of the fall of Safavids, they cannot be allowed to overshadow the achievements of the dynasty, which was in many respects to prove essential factors in the development of Persia in modern times. These include the maintenance of Persian as the official language and of the present-day boundaries of the country, adherence to the Twelever Shi'i, the monarchical system, the planning and architectural features of the urban centers, the centralised administration of the state, the alliance of the Shi'i Ulama with the merchant bazaars, and the symbiosis of the Persian-speaking population with important non-Persian, especially Turkish speaking minorities".
↑ Ronald W Ferrier, The Arts of Persia. Yale University Press. 1989, p. 9.
↑ ^a ^b Mazzaoui, Michel B, Canfield, Robert (2002). Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press, "Islamic Culture and Literature in Iran and Central Asia in the early modern period", 86–7. ISBN 0521522919, ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5 "Safavid power with its distinctive Persian-Shi'i culture, however, remained a middle ground between its two mighty Turkish neighbors. The Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh)."
↑ Savory, Roger (2007). Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge University Press, pp. 213. ISBN 0521042518, ISBN 978-0-521-04251-2 "qizilbash normally spoke Azari brand of Turkish at court, as did the Safavid shahs themselves; lack of familiarity with the Persian language may have contributed to the decline from the pure classical standards of former times"
↑ Zabiollah Safa (1986), "Persian Literature in the Safavid Period", The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-20094-6, pp. 948–65. P. 950: "In day-to-day affairs, the language chiefly used at the Safavid court and by the great military and political officers, as well as the religious dignitaries, was Turkish, not Persian; and the last class of persons wrote their religious works mainly in Arabic. Those who wrote in Persian were either lacking in proper tuition in this tongue, or wrote outside Iran and hence at a distance from centers where Persian was the accepted vernacular, endued with that vitality and susceptibility to skill in its use which a language can have only in places where it truly belongs."
↑ Price, Massoume (2005). Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO, pp. 66. ISBN 1576079937, ISBN 978-1-57607-993-5 "The Shah was a native Turkic speaker and wrote poetry in the Azerbaijani language."
↑ Encyclopædia Iranica:- "Safavid Dynasty Originating from a mystical order at the turn of the 14th century, the Safavids ruled Persia from 1501 to 1722."
↑ "Ṣafavid , (1502–1736), Iranian dynasty..."

[1] Roemer, H. R. (1986). "The Safavid Period". The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 189–350. ISBN 0-521-20094-6, p. 331: "Depressing though the condition in the country may have been at the time of the fall of Safavids, they cannot be allowed to overshadow the achievements of the dynasty, which was in many respects to prove essential factors in the development of Persia in modern times. These include the maintenance of Persian as the official language and of the present-day boundaries of the country, adherence to the Twelever Shi'i, the monarchical system, the planning and architectural features of the urban centers, the centralised administration of the state, the alliance of the Shi'i Ulama with the merchant bazaars, and the symbiosis of the Persian-speaking population with important non-Persian, especially Turkish speaking minorities".

[2] Ronald W Ferrier, The Arts of Persia. Yale University Press. 1989, p. 9.

[mazzaoui-3] Mazzaoui, Michel B, Canfield, Robert (2002). Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press, "Islamic Culture and Literature in Iran and Central Asia in the early modern period", 86–7. ISBN 0521522919, ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5 "Safavid power with its distinctive Persian-Shi'i culture, however, remained a middle ground between its two mighty Turkish neighbors. The Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh)."

[savory07-4] Savory, Roger (2007). Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge University Press, pp. 213. ISBN 0521042518, ISBN 978-0-521-04251-2 "qizilbash normally spoke Azari brand of Turkish at court, as did the Safavid shahs themselves; lack of familiarity with the Persian language may have contributed to the decline from the pure classical standards of former times"

[cambridgesafa-5] Zabiollah Safa (1986), "Persian Literature in the Safavid Period", The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-20094-6, pp. 948–65. P. 950: "In day-to-day affairs, the language chiefly used at the Safavid court and by the great military and political officers, as well as the religious dignitaries, was Turkish, not Persian; and the last class of persons wrote their religious works mainly in Arabic. Those who wrote in Persian were either lacking in proper tuition in this tongue, or wrote outside Iran and hence at a distance from centers where Persian was the accepted vernacular, endued with that vitality and susceptibility to skill in its use which a language can have only in places where it truly belongs."

[price-6] Price, Massoume (2005). Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO, pp. 66. ISBN 1576079937, ISBN 978-1-57607-993-5 "The Shah was a native Turkic speaker and wrote poetry in the Azerbaijani language."

[7] Encyclopædia Iranica:- "Safavid Dynasty Originating from a mystical order at the turn of the 14th century, the Safavids ruled Persia from 1501 to 1722."

[persisch-8] "Ṣafavid , (1502–1736), Iranian dynasty..."

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