Iosua (carte)

Biblia ebraică
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Vechiul Testament
Pentateuch
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	• Osea
	• Ioel
	• Amos
	• Obadia
	• Iona
	• Mica
	• Naum
	• Habacuc
	• Țefania
	• Hagai
	• Zaharia
	• Maleahi
Portal Creștinism	v • d • m

Cartea lui Iosua (în limba ebraică ספר יהושע, "Sefer Iehoșua"; în LXX, Ἰησοῦς, "Isus" adică Isus Navi sau Iosua Navi), este a șasea carte în Tanakh și în Vechiul Testament. În cadrul celui dintâi, este prima carte din seria Profeților dintâi (sau Primii profeți), din diviziunea Neviim. În Vechiul Testament, este prima din seria așa-numitelor "cărți istorice". Cartea descrie cucerirea și împărțirea Canaanului de către prima generație de israeliți după exod, sub conducerea lui Iosua.

Mulți savanți interpretează cartea lui Iosua ca referindu-se la ceea ce ar fi considerat astăzi genocid.^[1] Alți savanți au răspuns că termenul „genocid” este un anacronism.^[2]

^
Surse pentru 'genocid':
- Lemos 2016, pp. 27-28. : "Thus reads Deuteronomy 20:16–172—startling verses from a passage whose regulations on war are in many ways exemplified by the conquest narrative found in Joshua 1–12. Robert Coote has referred to these events as “an orgy of terror, violence, and mayhem.”³ Certainly, most contemporary readers recoil upon reading the account of the annihilation of Canaanite cities,⁴ and many scholars who have written on them have referred to the events described with the term “genocide.”⁵"
- Lemos, Tracy Maria (2016). „Dispossessing Nations: Population Growth, Scarcity, and Genocide in Ancient Israel and Twentieth-Century Rwanda”. În Olyan, Saul M. Ritual Violence in the Hebrew Bible. Oxford University Press. pp. 27–66. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190249588.003.0003. ISBN 978-0-19-024958-8.
- Lemos, T. M. (2023). Kiernan, Ben; Lemos, T. M.; Taylor, Tristan S., ed. The Cambridge World History of Genocide: Volume 1, Genocide in the Ancient, Medieval and Premodern Worlds. Cambridge University Press. p. 199. doi:10.1017/9781108655989. ISBN 978-1-108-64034-3. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024. ... genocidal violence while the Israelites were vassals of Mesopotamian empires. In fact, many scholars argue that Deuteronomy and Joshua were written during this time period. Although set in an idealised Mosaic past, what these most genocidal of biblical books were in actuality ...
- Fox, Everett (2014). The Early Prophets: Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings: The Schocken Bible, Volume II. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-8052-4323-9. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.
- Olyan, Saul M. (2015). Ritual Violence in the Hebrew Bible: New Perspectives. Oxford University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-19-024959-5. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.
- Dever, William G. (2006). Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-8028-4416-3. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.
- Avalos, Hector (2005). Fighting Words: The Origins of Religious Violence. G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Prometheus Books. pp. 143, 162. ISBN 978-1-59102-284-8. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.
- Joseph, Simon J. (2014). The Nonviolent Messiah: Jesus, Q, and the Enochic Tradition. Fortress Press. p. unpaginated. ISBN 978-1-4514-8443-4. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024. ... many scholars now doubt the historicity of the conquest narratives of Joshua 6– 11,[67] the ethics of divinely mandated genocide are inescapably problematic.[68] There is simply no denying that the Torah's narratives of genocide ...
- Kaminsky, Joel S. (2016). Yet I Loved Jacob: Reclaiming the Biblical Concept of Election. Wipf & Stock Publishers. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-4982-8024-2. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.
- Rae, Scott (2018). Moral Choices: An Introduction to Ethics. Zondervan Academic. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-310-53643-7. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.
- Leuchter, Mark A.; Lamb, David T. (2016). The Historical Writings: Introducing Israel's Historical Literature. Introducing Israel's scriptures. Fortress Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-5064-0785-2. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.
- Carvalho, Corrine; McLaughlin, John (2024). God and Gods in the Deuteronomistic History. Catholic Biblical Quarterly Imprints. Wipf & Stock Publishers. p. 30. doi:10.2307/j.ctv23khnsw.7. ISBN 978-1-6667-8760-3. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.
- Earl, Douglas S. (2011). The Joshua Delusion: Rethinking Genocide in the Bible. James Clarke & Company Limited. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-227-90214-1. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.
- Ruiten, Jacques van; Bekkum, Koert van (2020). Violence in the Hebrew Bible: Between Text and Reception. Oudtestamentische Studiën, Old Testament Studies. Brill. p. 145. ISBN 978-90-04-43468-4. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.
- Trimm, Charlie (2021). Taylor, Tristan S., ed. A Cultural History of Genocide in the Ancient World. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 38. doi:10.5040/9781350034686.ch-1. ISBN 978-1-350-03468-6. Genocide scholars frequently refer to the biblical accounts in Joshua as genocidal without discussion, assuming that simply quoting the relevant texts will convince anyone of their identity as genocide (Chalk and Jonassohn 1990: 61–3; Moshman 2008: 82–3). Some biblical scholars who accept the historicity of the events agree with this assessment. For example, looking at the events from the perspective of the New Testament, C. S. Cowles argues that “a radical shift in the understanding of God’s character and the sanctity of all human life occurred in between the days of the first Joshua and the second Joshua (i.e., Jesus) is beyond dispute” (2003: 41).
- Cohen, Shaye J. D. The Hebrew Bible Lecture 15. 0:42:00-0:45:00.
- Ehrlich 1999, p. 117.
^
Surse pentru 'anacronic':
- Kiernan, Ben (2014). „Is 'Genocide' an Anachronistic Concept for the Study of Early Modern Mass Killing?”. History. 99 (336): 530–548. doi:10.1111/1468-229X.12062. ISSN 0018-2648.
- Lemos, T. M.; Taylor, Tristan S.; Kiernan, Ben (2023). Kiernan, Ben, ed. The Cambridge world history of genocide. I. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-108-49353-6.
- Taylor, Tristan S. (2021). A cultural history of genocide. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 2–4. ISBN 978-1-350-03460-0.
- Trimm 2021, p. 49.
- Hinlicky, Paul R.; Reno, R.; Jenson, Robert; Wilken, Robert; Radner, Ephraim; Root, Michael; Sumner, George (2021). „Rahab, confessing YHWH, tricks her king, saving Joshua's spies and her own family 2:1–24”. Joshua (Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible). Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible. Baker Publishing Group. p. unpaginated. ISBN 978-1-4934-3113-7. Accesat în 28 decembrie 2024. anachronistic imposition of the contemporary notion of genocide on Joshua by pointing to the cultural-religious matrix of herem rather than to the modern racial-biological-genetic matrix of genocide

[1] Surse pentru 'genocid':
Lemos 2016, pp. 27-28. : "Thus reads Deuteronomy 20:16–172—startling verses from a passage whose regulations on war are in many ways exemplified by the conquest narrative found in Joshua 1–12. Robert Coote has referred to these events as “an orgy of terror, violence, and mayhem.”³ Certainly, most contemporary readers recoil upon reading the account of the annihilation of Canaanite cities,⁴ and many scholars who have written on them have referred to the events described with the term “genocide.”⁵"
Lemos, Tracy Maria (2016). „Dispossessing Nations: Population Growth, Scarcity, and Genocide in Ancient Israel and Twentieth-Century Rwanda”. În Olyan, Saul M. Ritual Violence in the Hebrew Bible. Oxford University Press. pp. 27–66. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190249588.003.0003. ISBN 978-0-19-024958-8.
Lemos, T. M. (2023). Kiernan, Ben; Lemos, T. M.; Taylor, Tristan S., ed. The Cambridge World History of Genocide: Volume 1, Genocide in the Ancient, Medieval and Premodern Worlds. Cambridge University Press. p. 199. doi:10.1017/9781108655989. ISBN 978-1-108-64034-3. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024. ... genocidal violence while the Israelites were vassals of Mesopotamian empires. In fact, many scholars argue that Deuteronomy and Joshua were written during this time period. Although set in an idealised Mosaic past, what these most genocidal of biblical books were in actuality ...
Fox, Everett (2014). The Early Prophets: Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings: The Schocken Bible, Volume II. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-8052-4323-9. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.
Olyan, Saul M. (2015). Ritual Violence in the Hebrew Bible: New Perspectives. Oxford University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-19-024959-5. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.
Dever, William G. (2006). Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-8028-4416-3. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.
Avalos, Hector (2005). Fighting Words: The Origins of Religious Violence. G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Prometheus Books. pp. 143, 162. ISBN 978-1-59102-284-8. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.
Joseph, Simon J. (2014). The Nonviolent Messiah: Jesus, Q, and the Enochic Tradition. Fortress Press. p. unpaginated. ISBN 978-1-4514-8443-4. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024. ... many scholars now doubt the historicity of the conquest narratives of Joshua 6– 11,[67] the ethics of divinely mandated genocide are inescapably problematic.[68] There is simply no denying that the Torah's narratives of genocide ...
Kaminsky, Joel S. (2016). Yet I Loved Jacob: Reclaiming the Biblical Concept of Election. Wipf & Stock Publishers. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-4982-8024-2. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.
Rae, Scott (2018). Moral Choices: An Introduction to Ethics. Zondervan Academic. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-310-53643-7. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.
Leuchter, Mark A.; Lamb, David T. (2016). The Historical Writings: Introducing Israel's Historical Literature. Introducing Israel's scriptures. Fortress Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-5064-0785-2. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.
Carvalho, Corrine; McLaughlin, John (2024). God and Gods in the Deuteronomistic History. Catholic Biblical Quarterly Imprints. Wipf & Stock Publishers. p. 30. doi:10.2307/j.ctv23khnsw.7. ISBN 978-1-6667-8760-3. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.
Earl, Douglas S. (2011). The Joshua Delusion: Rethinking Genocide in the Bible. James Clarke & Company Limited. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-227-90214-1. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.
Ruiten, Jacques van; Bekkum, Koert van (2020). Violence in the Hebrew Bible: Between Text and Reception. Oudtestamentische Studiën, Old Testament Studies. Brill. p. 145. ISBN 978-90-04-43468-4. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.
Trimm, Charlie (2021). Taylor, Tristan S., ed. A Cultural History of Genocide in the Ancient World. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 38. doi:10.5040/9781350034686.ch-1. ISBN 978-1-350-03468-6. Genocide scholars frequently refer to the biblical accounts in Joshua as genocidal without discussion, assuming that simply quoting the relevant texts will convince anyone of their identity as genocide (Chalk and Jonassohn 1990: 61–3; Moshman 2008: 82–3). Some biblical scholars who accept the historicity of the events agree with this assessment. For example, looking at the events from the perspective of the New Testament, C. S. Cowles argues that “a radical shift in the understanding of God’s character and the sanctity of all human life occurred in between the days of the first Joshua and the second Joshua (i.e., Jesus) is beyond dispute” (2003: 41).
Cohen, Shaye J. D. The Hebrew Bible Lecture 15. 0:42:00-0:45:00.
Ehrlich 1999, p. 117.

[2] Lemos 2016, pp. 27-28. : "Thus reads Deuteronomy 20:16–172—startling verses from a passage whose regulations on war are in many ways exemplified by the conquest narrative found in Joshua 1–12. Robert Coote has referred to these events as “an orgy of terror, violence, and mayhem.”³ Certainly, most contemporary readers recoil upon reading the account of the annihilation of Canaanite cities,⁴ and many scholars who have written on them have referred to the events described with the term “genocide.”⁵"

[3] Lemos, Tracy Maria (2016). „Dispossessing Nations: Population Growth, Scarcity, and Genocide in Ancient Israel and Twentieth-Century Rwanda”. În Olyan, Saul M. Ritual Violence in the Hebrew Bible. Oxford University Press. pp. 27–66. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190249588.003.0003. ISBN 978-0-19-024958-8.

[4] Lemos, T. M. (2023). Kiernan, Ben; Lemos, T. M.; Taylor, Tristan S., ed. The Cambridge World History of Genocide: Volume 1, Genocide in the Ancient, Medieval and Premodern Worlds. Cambridge University Press. p. 199. doi:10.1017/9781108655989. ISBN 978-1-108-64034-3. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024. ... genocidal violence while the Israelites were vassals of Mesopotamian empires. In fact, many scholars argue that Deuteronomy and Joshua were written during this time period. Although set in an idealised Mosaic past, what these most genocidal of biblical books were in actuality ...

[5] Fox, Everett (2014). The Early Prophets: Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings: The Schocken Bible, Volume II. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-8052-4323-9. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.

[6] Olyan, Saul M. (2015). Ritual Violence in the Hebrew Bible: New Perspectives. Oxford University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-19-024959-5. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.

[7] Dever, William G. (2006). Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-8028-4416-3. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.

[8] Avalos, Hector (2005). Fighting Words: The Origins of Religious Violence. G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Prometheus Books. pp. 143, 162. ISBN 978-1-59102-284-8. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.

[9] Joseph, Simon J. (2014). The Nonviolent Messiah: Jesus, Q, and the Enochic Tradition. Fortress Press. p. unpaginated. ISBN 978-1-4514-8443-4. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024. ... many scholars now doubt the historicity of the conquest narratives of Joshua 6– 11,[67] the ethics of divinely mandated genocide are inescapably problematic.[68] There is simply no denying that the Torah's narratives of genocide ...

[10] Kaminsky, Joel S. (2016). Yet I Loved Jacob: Reclaiming the Biblical Concept of Election. Wipf & Stock Publishers. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-4982-8024-2. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.

[11] Rae, Scott (2018). Moral Choices: An Introduction to Ethics. Zondervan Academic. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-310-53643-7. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.

[12] Leuchter, Mark A.; Lamb, David T. (2016). The Historical Writings: Introducing Israel's Historical Literature. Introducing Israel's scriptures. Fortress Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-5064-0785-2. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.

[13] Carvalho, Corrine; McLaughlin, John (2024). God and Gods in the Deuteronomistic History. Catholic Biblical Quarterly Imprints. Wipf & Stock Publishers. p. 30. doi:10.2307/j.ctv23khnsw.7. ISBN 978-1-6667-8760-3. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.

[14] Earl, Douglas S. (2011). The Joshua Delusion: Rethinking Genocide in the Bible. James Clarke & Company Limited. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-227-90214-1. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.

[15] Ruiten, Jacques van; Bekkum, Koert van (2020). Violence in the Hebrew Bible: Between Text and Reception. Oudtestamentische Studiën, Old Testament Studies. Brill. p. 145. ISBN 978-90-04-43468-4. Accesat în 23 decembrie 2024.

[16] Trimm, Charlie (2021). Taylor, Tristan S., ed. A Cultural History of Genocide in the Ancient World. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 38. doi:10.5040/9781350034686.ch-1. ISBN 978-1-350-03468-6. Genocide scholars frequently refer to the biblical accounts in Joshua as genocidal without discussion, assuming that simply quoting the relevant texts will convince anyone of their identity as genocide (Chalk and Jonassohn 1990: 61–3; Moshman 2008: 82–3). Some biblical scholars who accept the historicity of the events agree with this assessment. For example, looking at the events from the perspective of the New Testament, C. S. Cowles argues that “a radical shift in the understanding of God’s character and the sanctity of all human life occurred in between the days of the first Joshua and the second Joshua (i.e., Jesus) is beyond dispute” (2003: 41).

[17] Cohen, Shaye J. D. The Hebrew Bible Lecture 15. 0:42:00-0:45:00.

[18] Ehrlich 1999, p. 117.

[p237-2] Surse pentru 'anacronic':
Kiernan, Ben (2014). „Is 'Genocide' an Anachronistic Concept for the Study of Early Modern Mass Killing?”. History. 99 (336): 530–548. doi:10.1111/1468-229X.12062. ISSN 0018-2648.
Lemos, T. M.; Taylor, Tristan S.; Kiernan, Ben (2023). Kiernan, Ben, ed. The Cambridge world history of genocide. I. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-108-49353-6.
Taylor, Tristan S. (2021). A cultural history of genocide. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 2–4. ISBN 978-1-350-03460-0.
Trimm 2021, p. 49.
Hinlicky, Paul R.; Reno, R.; Jenson, Robert; Wilken, Robert; Radner, Ephraim; Root, Michael; Sumner, George (2021). „Rahab, confessing YHWH, tricks her king, saving Joshua's spies and her own family 2:1–24”. Joshua (Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible). Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible. Baker Publishing Group. p. unpaginated. ISBN 978-1-4934-3113-7. Accesat în 28 decembrie 2024. anachronistic imposition of the contemporary notion of genocide on Joshua by pointing to the cultural-religious matrix of herem rather than to the modern racial-biological-genetic matrix of genocide

[20] Kiernan, Ben (2014). „Is 'Genocide' an Anachronistic Concept for the Study of Early Modern Mass Killing?”. History. 99 (336): 530–548. doi:10.1111/1468-229X.12062. ISSN 0018-2648.

[21] Lemos, T. M.; Taylor, Tristan S.; Kiernan, Ben (2023). Kiernan, Ben, ed. The Cambridge world history of genocide. I. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-108-49353-6.

[22] Taylor, Tristan S. (2021). A cultural history of genocide. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 2–4. ISBN 978-1-350-03460-0.

[23] Trimm 2021, p. 49.

[24] Hinlicky, Paul R.; Reno, R.; Jenson, Robert; Wilken, Robert; Radner, Ephraim; Root, Michael; Sumner, George (2021). „Rahab, confessing YHWH, tricks her king, saving Joshua's spies and her own family 2:1–24”. Joshua (Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible). Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible. Baker Publishing Group. p. unpaginated. ISBN 978-1-4934-3113-7. Accesat în 28 decembrie 2024. anachronistic imposition of the contemporary notion of genocide on Joshua by pointing to the cultural-religious matrix of herem rather than to the modern racial-biological-genetic matrix of genocide

[1]

[2]