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| Arab Winter | |
|---|---|
 Raqqa damaged from the Syrian Civil War | |
| Date | 2014 - 2019 |
| Caused by | |
| Goals | |
| Methods | |
| Part of a series on the |
| Arab world |
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During the Arab Winter[1][2][3][4][5] there was a resurgence of authoritarianism, absolute monarchies and Islamic extremism.[6]
The Arab Winter started in 2014 and happened four years after[7][8] the Arab Spring.[9] It includes civil wars, mounting regional instability,[10] economic and demographic decline of Arab countries,[11] and ethno-religious wars.[12]
By the summer of 2014, the Arab Winter had resulted in nearly a quarter of a million deaths and millions of refugees.[13] Perhaps the most significant event was the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant from 2014[14] to the present.
- ↑ Spencer, Richard (2012-12-31). "Middle East review of 2012: the Arab Winter". The Telegraph. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
- ↑ "Analysis: Arab Winter is coming to Baghdad". The Telegraph. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
- ↑ "Expert Warns of America's Coming 'Arab Winter'". CBN. 2014-09-08. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
- ↑ "The Arab Winter". The New Yorker. 2011-12-28. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
- ↑ "Arab Spring or Arab Winter?". The New Yorker. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
- ↑ Yun Ru Phua. "After Every Winter Comes Spring: Tunisia's Democratic Flowering – Berkeley Political Review". Bpr.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
- ↑ Ahmed H Adam and Ashley D Robinson. Will the Arab Winter spring again in Sudan?. Al-Jazeera. 11 June 2016. facebook "The Arab Spring that swept across the Middle East and succeeded in overthrowing three dictatorships in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya in 2011 was a pivotal point in the history of nations. Despite the subsequent descent into the "Arab Winter", the peaceful protests of young people were heroic..."
- ↑ James Y. Simms, Jr. "Arab Spring to Arab Winter: a predictable debacle in the Middle East". richmond.com. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
- ↑ Radoslaw Fiedler, Przemyslaw Osiewicz. Transformation processes in Egypt after 2011. 2015. p182.
- ↑ "From Egypt to Syria, this could be the start of the Arab Winter". The Conversation. April 17, 2014. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
- ↑ Rivlin, P (Jan 2014), Iqtisadi (PDF), Dayan Research Center, archived from the original (PDF) on October 23, 2014, retrieved October 18, 2014
- ↑ Malmvig, Lassen (2013), Arab uprisings: regional implication (PDF), IEMED, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24, retrieved 2019-07-18
- ↑ "Displacement in the Middle East and North Africa – between the Arab Winter and the Arab Spring" (PDF), International Affairs, LB, August 28, 2013, archived from the original (PDF) on October 18, 2014, retrieved July 18, 2019
- ↑ "Analysis: Arab Winter is coming to Baghdad - Middle East - Jerusalem Post".