Caldera

A caldera is a volcanic feature formed by the collapse of land surface after a gigantic volcanic eruption. In such an eruption the volcano's magma chamber is empty enough for the ground above it to drop.^[1]

A caldera may look like a volcanic crater except that a crater is made by blasting outward, not by collapsing inward.^[2] The word caldera comes from the Portuguese language, meaning "cauldron". Some complex features are made by both processes.

When Yellowstone Caldera last erupted some 650,000 years ago, it released about 1,000 km³ of material, covering much of North America in debris up to two metres thick. By comparison, when Mount St. Helens erupted in 1980, it released 1000 times less material.

The ecological effects of the eruption of a large caldera can be seen in the record of the Lake Toba eruption in Indonesia.

About 75,000 years ago, the Toba catastrophe released about 2,800 km³ of ejecta. This was the largest known explosive eruption within the last 25 million years. In the late 1990s, anthropologist Stanley Ambrose suggested that a volcanic winter induced by this eruption reduced the human population to about 2,000 – 20,000, resulting in a population bottleneck.^[3] Others suggested that the human race was reduced to about five to ten thousand people.^[4] However, there is no direct evidence that the theory is correct ^[5] and some evidence that it is not.^[6]

1. ↑ Francis, Peter 1993. Volcanoes: a planetary perspective. Oxford University Press. Chapter 14, p291 et seq. ISBN 0-19-854033-7
2. ↑ "Glossary of Terms: C". physicalgeography.net. Retrieved 2008-04-12.
3. ↑ "Professor Stanley H Ambrose PhD | Anthropology at Illinois". www.anthro.illinois.edu. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
4. ↑ Supervolcanoes, BBC2, 3 February 2000
5. ↑ Gathorne-Hardy F.J. & Harcourt-Smith W.E.H. 2003. The super-eruption of Toba: did it cause a human bottleneck? Journal of Human Evolution. 45, 227-230
6. ↑ Petraglia M et al. 2007. "Middle Paleolithic assemblages from the Indian subcontinent before and after the Toba super-eruption" Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. Science 317 (5834): 114–116. doi:10.1126/science.1141564. PMID 17615356.