Back Nazi-Duitsland AF Deutsches Reich (1933–1945) ALS ናዚ ጀርመን AM Tercer Reich AN Nazi Þēodscland ANG Jameni ebi Nazi ANN ألمانيا النازية Arabic ألمانيا النازية ARY المانيا النازيه ARZ Alemaña nazi AST
German Reich (1933–1943) Deutsches Reich Greater German Reich (1943–1945) Großdeutsches Reich | |
|---|---|
| 1933–1945 | |
.svg) Flag (1935–1945) | |
| Anthems: Das Lied der Deutschen ("The Song of the Germans") and Horst-Wessel-Lied ("The Horst Wessel Song") | |
Emblem of the German Reich:.svg) | |
.svg) Germany's territorial control at its greatest extent during World War II (late 1942):
| |
 Administrative divisions of Germany, July 1944 | |
| Capital and largest city | Berlin 52°31′N 13°23′E / 52.517°N 13.383°E |
| Common languages | German |
| Religion | 1939 census[1] Majority: 94.5% Christian (Protestant, Roman Catholic) Minorities: 3.5% Gottgläubig 1.5% Irreligious 0.4% Jewish 0.1% Other religions |
| Demonym(s) | German |
| Government | Wehrstaat[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] (Military State) Unitary Nazi single-party totalitarian military state |
| Head of State | |
• 1933–1934 | Paul von Hindenburg[a] |
• 1934–1945 | Adolf Hitler[b] |
• 1945 | Karl Dönitz[a] |
| Chancellor | |
• 1933–1934 | Adolf Hitler |
• 1945 | Joseph Goebbels |
• 1945 | Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk[1] |
| Legislature | Großdeutscher Reichstag[b] |
• State council | Reichsrat (abolished in 1934) |
| Historical era | Interwar/World War II |
| 30 January 1933 | |
| 23 March 1933 | |
| 12 March 1938 | |
| 1 September 1939 | |
| 30 April 1945 | |
| 8 May 1945 | |
| 23 May 1945 | |
| Area | |
| 1939[c] | 633,786 km2 (244,706 sq mi) |
| 1940 | 823,505 km2 (317,957 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 1939 | 79,375,281 |
• 1940[d] | 109,518,183 |
| GDP (PPP) | 1941 estimate |
• Total | $412.000 billion |
| Currency | Reichsmark (ℛℳ) |
| ISO 3166 code | DE |
Nazi Germany (officially known as the German Third Reich from 1933 to 1943, later known as the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945), is the period when Adolf Hitler (the Nazi leader) and the Nazi Party controlled Germany. It is also sometimes called the Third Reich (German: Drittes Reich), which means the 'Third Empire' or 'Third Realm'. The first German empire was the Holy Roman Empire which lasted from the year 800 or 962 until it collapsed in 1806 in the Napoleonic Wars. The second was the German Empire of 1871 - 1918 which collapsed in 1918 when Kaiser Wilhelm II was forced to abdicate the throne when the Weimar Republic was formed in 1918. The Nazis said they were making the third, even if itself never was the monarchy at all. However, the term 'Third Reich' was more popular in other countries. In Germany it was merely The Reich (pronounced 'rike') or the Greater German Reich (German: Großdeutsches Reich).
Adolf Hitler led Nazi Germany until it was defeated in World War II in the Battle of Berlin, when he killed himself in 1945. The Nazi Party was destroyed in the same year. Its leaders ran away, were arrested, or killed themselves. Some were executed for war crimes by the Allied powers. Other leaders survived, and some of them got important jobs. However, their racial policies never again held power in Germany.
The Nazi government was formed under the idea that the "Aryan race" (pure white Germans) deserved to rule over all other races. This idea gained respect after the Great Depression made many important Germans poor and powerless. Hitler blamed the problems on Jews, communists, liberals, and many others. He made many Germans feel like they were innocent victims who had to take charge over Europe. The Nazis also tried to create an empire with colonies, and used their ally Italy's colonies in Africa as a model.[13] When the Nazi government was destroyed at the end of World War II, Germany was split into four "occupation zones". The Soviet Union took East Germany while the United Kingdom, France, and the United States took portions of West Germany.
- ↑ Gailus, Manfred; Nolzen, Armin (2011). Zerstrittene »Volksgemeinschaft«: Glaube, Konfession und Religion im Nationalsozialismus. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 195–196. ISBN 978-3-647-30029-0.
- ↑ Kolb, Eberhard The Weimar Republic London: Routledge, 2005, p. 173.
- ↑ Hillgruber, Andreas Germany and the Two World Wars, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981 pages 41–45.
- ↑ Nicholls, A.J. Weimar and the Rise of Hitler, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000, pages 163–164.
- ↑ Geyer, pp. 122–123.
- ↑ Förster 1998, pp. 267–268.
- ↑ Wheeler-Bennett, John (1967). The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918–1945. London, UK: Macmillan. pp. 295–96.
- ↑ Nicholls 2000, pp. 163–164.
- ↑ Turner 1996, pp. 20–21.
- ↑ Feuchtwanger, Edgar From Weimar to Hitler, London: Macmillan, 1993, pp. 252–53.
- ↑ Geyer, Michael "Etudes in Political History: Reichswehr, NSDAP and the Seizure of Power" pp. 101–23, from The Nazi Machtergreifung, edited by Peter Stachura, London: Allen & Unwin, 1983, pp. 122–23.
- ↑ Müller 1987, p. 28.
- ↑ Bernhard, Patrick (2016-01-01). "Hitler's Africa in the East: Italian Colonialism as a Model for German Planning in Eastern Europe". Journal of Contemporary History. 51 (1): 61–90. doi:10.1177/0022009414561825. ISSN 0022-0094. S2CID 159506682.
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