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 | This template uses Lua: |
| {{Cite arXiv}} | arXiv preprints |
|---|---|
| {{Cite AV media}} | audio and visual media |
| {{Cite AV media notes}} | AV media liner notes |
| {{Cite bioRxiv}} | bioRxiv preprints |
| {{Cite book}} | books and chapters |
| {{Cite CiteSeerX}} | CiteSeerX papers |
| {{Cite conference}} | conference papers |
| {{Cite encyclopedia}} | edited collections |
| {{Cite episode}} | radio or TV episodes |
| {{Cite interview}} | interviews |
| {{Cite journal}} | academic journals |
| {{Cite magazine}} | magazines, periodicals |
| {{Cite mailing list}} | public mailing lists |
| {{Cite map}} | maps |
| {{Cite news}} | news articles |
| {{Cite newsgroup}} | online newsgroups |
| {{Cite podcast}} | podcasts |
| {{Cite press release}} | press releases |
| {{Cite report}} | reports |
| {{Cite serial}} | audio or video serials |
| {{Cite sign}} | signs, plaques |
| {{Cite speech}} | speeches |
| {{Cite ssrn}} | SSRN papers |
| {{Cite techreport}} | technical reports |
| {{Cite thesis}} | theses |
| {{Cite web}} | web sources not covered by the above |
| See also | Specific-source templates Wrapper templates |
This Citation Style 1 template is used to create citations for technical reports.
Usage
[change source]Copy a blank version to use. Almost all parameter names are supported only in lower case (some initialisms, such as |isbn= have upper-case aliases like |ISBN=, which are acceptable for use). Use the "|" (pipe) character between each parameter. Unused parameters may be deleted to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples on this documentation page may include the current date. If the date is not current, then the page.
A short blank version:
{{cite techreport |first= |last= |author2= |title= |number= |institution= |date= |year= }}
Examples
[change source]
{{cite techreport
|first=M.
|last=Ouyang
|author2=N. Johnson
|title=How good are branching rules in DPLL?
|number=96-38
|institution=DIMACS
|year=1996
}}
- Ouyang, M.; N. Johnson (1996). How good are branching rules in DPLL? (Technical report). DIMACS. 96-38.
Parameters
[change source]Syntax
[change source]Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters:
- parent
- OR: parent2—may be used instead of parent
- child—may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used)
- OR: child2—may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used)
- Where aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show.
By default, sets of fields are terminated with a period (.).
COinS
[change source]This template embeds COinS metadata in the HTML output, allowing reference management software to retrieve bibliographic metadata. As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text:
- use
|date=27 September 2007not|date=27 September 2007 (print version 25 September)
Use of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example , –, etc., should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata.
COinS metadata is created for these parameters
[change source]Note: This table of metadata is displayed for all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. Please refer to each template's documentation for a full list of supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies.
|periodical=,|journal=,|newspaper=,|magazine=,|work=,|website=,|encyclopedia=,|encyclopaedia=,|dictionary=|chapter=,|script-chapter=,|contribution=,|script-contribution=,|entry=,|script-entry=,|article=,|script-article=,|section=,|script-section=|title=,|script-title=,|book-title=|publication-place=,|place=,|location=|date=,|year=,|publication-date=|series=,|version=|volume=,|issue=,|number=|page=,|pages=,|at=,|quote-page=,|quote-pages=|edition=|publisher=,|institution=|url=,|chapter-url=,|contribution-url=,|section-url=|author-last=,|author-last#=,|author#-last=,|author-surname=,|author-surname#=,|author#-surname=,|last=,|last#=,|surname=,|surname#=,|author=,|author#=,|subject=,|subject#=,|host=,|host#=|author-first=,|author-first#=,|author#-first=,|author-given=,|author-given#=,|author#-given=,|first=,|first#=,|given=,|given#=|degree=|arxiv=,|bibcode=,|biorxiv=,|citeseerx=,|doi=,|eissn=,|eprint=,|hdl=,|isbn=,|issn=,|jfm=,|jstor=,|lccn=,|message-id=,|mr=,|oclc=,|osti=,|pmc=,|pmid=,|rfc=,|ssrn=,|s2cid=,|zbl=
Deprecated
[change source]| Deprecated parameter | Replace with | Date |
|---|---|---|
| none deprecated at present |
| Removed parameter | Replace with | Date |
|---|---|---|
|authorfirst=
|
|author-first=
|
October 2020 |
|authorfirstn=
|
|author-firstn=
|
October 2020 |
|authornfirst=
|
|authorn-first=
|
October 2020 |
|authorgiven=
|
|author-given=
|
October 2020 |
|authorgivenn=
|
|author-givenn=
|
October 2020 |
|authorngiven=
|
|authorn-given=
|
October 2020 |
|authorlast=
|
|author-last=
|
October 2020 |
|authorlastn=
|
|author-lastn=
|
October 2020 |
|authornlast=
|
|authorn-last=
|
October 2020 |
|authormask=
|
|author-mask=
|
January 2021 |
|authormaskn=
|
|author-maskn=
|
January 2021 |
|authornmask=
|
|authorn-mask=
|
January 2021 |
|authorsurname=
|
|author-surname=
|
October 2020 |
|authorsurnamen=
|
|author-surnamen=
|
October 2020 |
|authornsurname=
|
|authorn-surname=
|
October 2020 |
|booktitle=
|
|book-title=
|
May 2021 |
|chapterurl=
|
|chapter-url=
|
May 2021 |
|conferenceurl=
|
|conference-url=
|
April 2021 |
|contributionurl=
|
|contribution-url=
|
April 2021 |
|deadurl=yes
|
|url-status=dead
|
September 2019 |
|dead-url=yes
|
|url-status=dead
|
September 2019 |
|displayauthors=
|
|display-authors=
|
January 2021 |
|displayeditors=
|
|display-editors=
|
October 2020 |
|doi-broken=
|
|doi-broken-date=
|
October 2020 |
|doi-inactive-date=
|
|doi-broken-date=
|
October 2020 |
|editorfirst=
|
|editor-first=
|
October 2020 |
|editorfirstn=
|
|editor-firstn=
|
October 2020 |
|editornfirst=
|
|editorn-first=
|
October 2020 |
|editorgiven=
|
|editor-given=
|
October 2020 |
|editorgivenn=
|
|editor-givenn=
|
October 2020 |
|editorngiven=
|
|editorn-given=
|
October 2020 |
|editorlast=
|
|editor-last=
|
October 2020 |
|editorlastn=
|
|editor-lastn=
|
October 2020 |
|editornlast=
|
|editorn-last=
|
October 2020 |
|editorlink=
|
|editor-link=
|
January 2021 |
|editorlinkn=
|
|editor-linkn=
|
January 2021 |
|editornlink=
|
|editorn-link=
|
January 2021 |
|editors=
|
|editor= (one editor) or |editorn= (more than one editor) or |veditors= (for Vancouver style editors). Consider splitting |editorn= into |editor-firstn= and |editor-lastn=, if possible. Consider |editor-maskn=, if annotation is required.
|
January 2021 |
|editorsurname=
|
|editor-surname=
|
October 2020 |
|editorsurnamen=
|
|editor-surnamen=
|
October 2020 |
|editornsurname=
|
|editorn-surname=
|
October 2020 |
|editormask=
|
|editor-mask=
|
October 2020 |
|editormaskn=
|
|editor-maskn=
|
October 2020 |
|editornmask=
|
|editorn-mask=
|
October 2020 |
|embargo=
|
|pmc-embargo-date=
|
October 2020 |
|episodelink=
|
|episode-link=
|
May 2021 |
|event-format=
|
(delete) | January 2021 |
|eventurl=
|
(delete) | January 2021 |
|event-url=
|
(delete) | January 2021 |
|ignoreisbnerror=
|
|isbn=((<isbn>))
|
October 2020 |
|ignore-isbn-error=
|
|isbn=((<isbn>))
|
January 2021 |
|interviewerlink=
|
|interviewer-link=
|
October 2020 |
|interviewerlinkn=
|
|interviewer-linkn=
|
October 2020 |
|interviewernlink=
|
|interviewern-link=
|
October 2020 |
|interviewermask=
|
|interviewer-mask=
|
October 2020 |
|interviewermaskn=
|
|interviewer-maskn=
|
October 2020 |
|interviewernmask=
|
|interviewern-mask=
|
October 2020 |
|last-author-amp=
|
|name-list-style=amp
|
January 2021 |
|lastauthoramp=
|
|name-list-style=amp
|
January 2021 |
|laydate=
|
|lay-date=
|
April 2021 |
|laysource=
|
|lay-source=
|
April 2021 |
|layurl=
|
|lay-url=
|
April 2021 |
|mailinglist=
|
|mailing-list=
|
May 2021 |
|mapurl=
|
|map-url=
|
May 2021 |
|name-list-format=
|
|name-list-style=
|
April 2021 |
|nocat=
|
|no-tracking=
|
January 2021 |
|no-cat=
|
|no-tracking=
|
October 2020 |
|nopp=
|
|no-pp=
|
May 2021 |
|notracking=
|
|no-tracking=
|
October 2020 |
|publicationdate=
|
|publication-date=
|
May 2021 |
|publicationplace=
|
|publication-place=
|
May 2021 |
|registration=
|
|url-access=registration
|
January 2020 |
|sectionurl=
|
|section-url=
|
April 2021 |
|serieslink=
|
|series-link=
|
May 2021 |
|seriesno=
|
|series-number=
|
April 2021 |
|seriesnumber=
|
|series-number=
|
January 2021 |
|series-separator=
|
(delete) | October 2020 |
|subjectlink=
|
|subject-link=
|
January 2021 |
|subjectlinkn=
|
|subject-linkn=
|
January 2021 |
|subjectnlink=
|
|subjectn-link=
|
January 2021 |
|subscription=
|
|url-access=subscription
|
January 2020 |
|timecaption=
|
|time-caption=
|
April 2021 |
|titlelink=
|
|title-link=
|
April 2021 |
|transcripturl=
|
|transcript-url=
|
May 2021 |
Description
[change source]Authors
[change source]- last: Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use last or one of its aliases (e.g.
|author=Bono). Aliases: surname, author, last1, surname1, author1.- author: this parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single author (first and last) or to hold the name of a corporate author. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead.
- first: Given or first names of author; for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. Aliases: given, first1, given1. Requires last; first name will not display if last is empty.
- OR: for multiple authors, use last1, first1 through lastn, firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each firstn requires a corresponding lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: surname1, given1 through surnamen, givenn, or author1 through authorn. For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use
|first1=...|last1=...|author2=.... - author-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: author-link1, author1-link, authorlink.
- OR: for multiple authors, use author-link1 through author-linkn. Aliases: author1-link through authorn-link.
- name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to
amp,ampersand, or&, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set toand, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set tovancdisplays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use thelast/firstforms of name parameters.
- vauthors: comma-separated list of author names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses. End with etal if appropriate:
|vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal
- author-link and author-mask may be used for the individual names in
|vauthors=as described above
- authors: Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of last.
- translator-last: Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-surname, translator1, translator1-last, translator-last1.
- translator-first: Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-given, translator1-first, translator-first1.
- OR: for multiple translators, use translator-last1, translator-first1 through translator-lastn, translator-firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each translator-firstn requires a corresponding translator-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: translator1-last, translator1-first through translatorn-last, translatorn-first, or translator1 through translatorn.
- translator-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: translator-link1, translator1-link.
- OR: for multiple translators, use translator-link1 through translator-linkn. Aliases: translator1-link through translatorn-link.
- collaboration: Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends "et al." to author name-list.
- others: To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write Illustrated by John Smith.
- Note: When using shortened footnotes or parenthetical referencing styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link.
Title
[change source]
- title: Title of source. Can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in italics. If script-title is defined, title holds a Romanization of title in script-title.
- script-title: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in title. May be prefixed with an ISO 639-1 two-character code to help browsers properly display the script:
... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ...
- trans-title: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title; if url is defined, then trans-title is included in the link. Use of the language parameter is recommended.
- script-title: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in title. May be prefixed with an ISO 639-1 two-character code to help browsers properly display the script:
- Titles containing certain characters will not display and link correctly unless those characters are encoded.
| newline | [ | ] | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| space | [ | ] | {{!}} (preferred)
|
| {{bracket|text}} | | or {{pipe}} – | ||
- title-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the source named in title – do not use a web address; do not wikilink. Alias: titlelink.
- type: Provides additional information about the media type of the source. May alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if this is not the final version of a manuscript (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. The reserved keyword
nonecan be used to disable the display of a type. Defaults to Technical report. Alias: medium.
- language: A comma-separated list of the languages in which the source is written, as either the ISO 639 language code (preferred) or the full language name, e.g.
|language=fr, pt-bror|language=French, Portuguese. See the list of supported codes and names. Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of Category:CS1 foreign language sources. Because cs1|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, use of language codes is preferred so that languages render in the correct language and form: espagnol at a French-language wiki instead of 'Spanish'. Aliases: lang
Periodical
[change source]- work (required by
{{cite journal}}and{{cite magazine}}): Name of the work containing the source; may be wikilinked if relevant. Displays in italics. If the name of the periodical changed over time use the name at the time of the source's publication. If script-work is defined, use work to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-work. Aliases: journal, newspaper, magazine, periodical, website. Use Latin script. For languages written in non-Latin based scripts (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Indic, Japanese, Korean, etc.) use a standard Romanization in this field.- script-work: Work title in its original, non-Latin script; not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in work (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script. Leave empty for Latin-based scripts (Czech, French, Turkish, Vietnamese, etc.). Aliases: script-journal, script-newspaper, script-magazine, script-periodical, script-website.
- trans-work: English translation of the work title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after work or script-work. Aliases: trans-journal, trans-newspaper, trans-magazine, trans-periodical, trans-website.
... |work=Zhōngguó piàofáng |script-work=zh:中国票房 |trans-work=China Box Office ...
- issue: When the publication is one of a series that is published periodically. Alias: number. When the issue has a special title of its own, this may be given, in italics, along with the issue number, e.g.
|issue=2, ''Modern Canadian Literature''. Please choose either|issue=or|number=depending on what is used in the actual publication. If a publication carries both issue and number designations (typically one being a year-relative and the other an absolute value), provide them both, for example|issue=2 #143. Displayed in parentheses following volume. - department: Title of a regular department, column, or section within the periodical or journal. Examples include "Communication", "Editorial", "Letter to the Editor", and "Review". Displays after title and is in plain text.
- When set, work changes the formatting of other parameters in the same citation:
- title is not italicized and is enclosed in quotes.
- chapter does not display (and will produce an error message).
Date
[change source]- date: Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations.[date 1] Required when year is used to disambiguate
{{sfn}}links to multiple-work citations by the same author in the same year.[more] Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the publisher.
- For approximate year, precede with "
c.", like this:|date=c. 1900.
- For no date, or "undated", use
|date=n.d.
- Automatic date formatting: Citation Style 1 and 2 templates, including this template, automatically render dates in date parameters (
|date=,|access-date=,|archive-date=, etc.) in the style specified by the article's{{use dmy dates}}or{{use mdy dates}}template. See those templates' documentation for details.
- year: Year of source being referenced. The usage of this parameter is discouraged; use the more flexible
|date=parameter instead unless both of the following conditions are met:- The
|date=format is YYYY-MM-DD. - The citation requires a
CITEREFdisambiguator.
- The
- orig-date: Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after the date (or year). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example:
|orig-date=First published 1859or|orig-date=Composed 1904. As|orig-date=does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by|df=(or, if it exists in the article, by|cs1-dates=of a{{use dmy dates}}or{{use mdy dates}}template), or as used in the|date=parameter. Alias: orig-year - df: date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these:
dmy– set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified;mdy– as above for month day, year formatymd– as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DDdmy-all– set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format;mdy-all– as above for month day, year formatymd-all– as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD
- ↑ Publication dates in references within an article should all have the same format. This may be a different format from that used for archive and access dates.
Publisher
[change source]- publisher: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked if relevant. The publisher is the company, organization or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. Do not use the publisher parameter for the name of a work (e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time use the name as stated in the publication or at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc.", or "GmbH" are not usually included. Not normally used for periodicals. Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes The New York Times newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after title.
- place: For news stories with a dateline, that is, the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time use the name as stated in the publication or at the time of the source's publication. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias: location
- publication-place: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place; examples: The Boston Globe, The Times of India. Displays after the title. If the name of the publication place changed over time use the name as stated in the publication or at the time of the source's publication. If only one of publication-place, place, or location is defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; if publication-place and place or location are defined, then place or location is shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and publication-place is shown after the title.
- publication-date: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. Displays only if date (or year) are defined and only if different, else publication-date is used and displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink. Follows publisher; if work is not defined, then publication-date is preceded by "published" and enclosed in parenthesis.
- via: Name of the content deliverer (if different from publisher). via is not a replacement for publisher, but provides additional detail. It may be used when the content deliverer presents the source in a format other than the original (e.g. NewsBank), when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (EBSCO), or if the deliverer requests attribution.
Edition, series, volume
[change source]- edition: When the publication has more than one edition; for example: "2nd", "Revised", and so forth. Appends the string " ed." after the field, so
|edition=2ndproduces "2nd ed." Does not display if a periodical field is defined.
- series or version: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal where the issue numbering has restarted.
- volume: For one publication published in several volumes. Displays after the title and series fields; volume numbers should be entered just as a numeral (e.g. 37). Volume values that are wholly digits, wholly uppercase Roman numerals, or fewer than five characters will appear in bold. Any alphanumeric value of five or more characters will not appear in bold. In rare cases, publications carry both an ongoing volume and a year-related value; if so, provide them both, for example |volume=IV / #10.
In-source locations
[change source]- page: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either
|page=or|pages=, but not both. Displays preceded byp.unless|no-pp=yes. If hyphenated, use {{hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g.|page=3{{hyphen}}12), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert|page=3-12to|pages=3{{ndash}}12. Alias: p. - OR: pages: A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either
|page=or|pages=, but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded bypp.unless|no-pp=yes.
Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of|pages=without processing it, and use {{hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended:|pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)). Alternatively, use|at=, like this:|at=pp. 3-1–3-15. Alias: pp.- no-pp: Set to yes, y, or true to suppress the
p.orpp.notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where|page=Front coveror|pages=passim.
- no-pp: Set to yes, y, or true to suppress the
- OR: at: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by
|page=or|pages=. Use only one of|page=,|pages=, or|at=.
Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse. - For
|quote-page=and|quote-pages=used in conjunction with|quote=, see here.
URL
[change source]- url: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by title can be found. Cannot be used if title is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g.
#ixzz2rBr3aO94or?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=.... Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such as Amazon; use|isbn=or|oclc=to provide neutral search links for books. Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message.- access-date: Full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations.[date 1] Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see WP:CITEWEB. Access dates are not required for links to published research papers, published books, or news articles with publication dates. Note that access-date is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with
{{use dmy dates}}and{{use mdy dates}}. Can be hidden or styled by registered editors. Alias: accessdate. - archive-url: The URL of an archived snapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as Internet Archive , WebCite and archive.today ; requires archive-date and url. By default (overridden by
|url-status=live) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias: archiveurl.- archive-date: Archive-service snapshot-date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates.[date 1] Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with
{{use dmy dates}}and{{use mdy dates}}. Alias: archivedate. - url-status: this optional parameter is ignored if archive-url is not set. If omitted, or with null value, the default value is
|url-status=dead. When the URL is still live, but pre-emptively archived, then set|url-status=live; this changes the display order, with the title retaining the original link and the archive linked at the end. When the original URL is 'live' but no longer supports the article text, set|url-status=deviated. When the original URL has been usurped for the purposes of spam, advertising, or is otherwise unsuitable, setting|url-status=unfitor|url-status=usurpedsuppresses display of the original URL (but|url=and|archive-url=are still required). - archive-format: File format of the work referred to by archive-url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. File format annotation is automatically rendered when a PDF icon is displayed. Does not change the external link icon. Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired.
- archive-date: Archive-service snapshot-date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates.[date 1] Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with
- url-access:
- access-date: Full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations.[date 1] Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see WP:CITEWEB. Access dates are not required for links to published research papers, published books, or news articles with publication dates. Note that access-date is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with
- format: File format of the work referred to by url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after title. (For media format, use type.) HTML is implied and should not be specified. File format annotation is automatically rendered when a PDF icon is displayed. Does not change the external link icon. Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired.
URLs must begin with a supported URI scheme. http:// and https:// will be supported by all browsers; however, ftp://, gopher://, irc://, ircs://, mailto: and news: may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. IPv6 host-names are currently not supported.
If URLs in citation template parameters contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be percent-encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by %20. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with:
| Character | space | " | ' | < | > | [ | ] | { | | | } |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Encoding | %20 | %22 | %27 | %3C | %3E | %5B | %5D | %7B | %7C | %7D |
Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.
Anchor
[change source]- ref: the citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. When set,
|ref=IDgenerates an anchor with the givenID(theid=attribute in the citation's<cite id="ID">HTML tag). Setting|ref=IDidentifies the template as a target and allows wikilinking to full references, especially useful with short-form citations like shortened notes and parenthetical referencing. The default anchor ID is suitable for use with {{sfn}} and {{harv}} templates. Since April 2020, the parameter / keyword pair|ref=harvhas no special meaning; this deprecated setting should not be used and may be removed from existing cs1|2 templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set|ref=none. Aliases: none.
Identifiers
[change source]- id: A unique identifier, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an external link template as applicable. For example,
|id=NCJ 122967will append "NCJ 122967" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as|id={{NCJ|122967}}to append NCJ 122967 instead.
The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. |rfc=822 or |pmc=345678.
- arxiv: arXiv identifier; for example:
|arxiv=hep-th/9205027(before April 2007) or|arxiv=0706.0001(April 2007 – December 2014) or|arxiv=1501.00001(since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases: eprint. - asin: Amazon Standard Identification Number; if first character of asin value is a digit, use isbn. Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example
|asin=B00005N5PF. Aliases: ASIN.- asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values:
ae,au,br,ca,cn,de,es,fr,in,it,jp,mx,nl,pl,sa,se,sg,tr,uk. Aliases: none.
- asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values:
- bibcode: bibcode; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example:
1974AJ.....79..819H. Aliases: none. - biorxiv: bioRxiv id, as in the entire DOI (e.g.
10.1101/078733for http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/01/078733 or https://doi.org/10.1101/078733;10.1101/2020.07.24.220400for https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.220400). Aliases: none. - citeseerx: CiteSeerX id, a string of digits and dots found in a CiteSeerX URL (e.g.
10.1.1.176.341for http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341). Aliases: none. - doi: Digital object identifier; for example:
10.1038/news070508-7. It is checked to ensure it begins with (10.). Aliases: DOI.- Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid DOIs using a non-standard format, see below.
- doi-broken-date: Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive at https://doi.org. Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none.
- eissn: International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space; example
|eissn=1557-2986. Aliases: EISSN.- Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid eISSNs using a non-standard format, see below.
- hdl: Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example
|hdl=20.1000/100. Aliases: HDL. - isbn: International Standard Book Number; for example:
978-0-8126-9593-9. Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use sbn. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISBN.- Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISBNs using a non-standard format, see below.
- ismn: International Standard Music Number; for example:
979-0-9016791-7-7. Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISMN. - issn: International Standard Serial Number; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space; example
|issn=2049-3630. Aliases: ISSN.- Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISSNs using a non-standard format, see below.
- jfm: Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik; do not include "JFM" in the value; example
|jfm=53.0144.01. Aliases: JFM. - jstor: JSTOR reference number; for example:
|jstor=3793107. Aliases: JSTOR. - lccn: Library of Congress Control Number. When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example
|lccn=79-57364or|lccn=2004042477or|lccn=e09001178. Aliases: LCCN. - mr: Mathematical Reviews; example
|mr=630583. Aliases: MR. - oclc: OCLC Number for looking up publications in the WorldCat union catalog; example
|oclc=9355469. Aliases: OCLC. - ol: Open Library identifier; do not include "OL" in the value; example
|ol=7030731M. Aliases: OL. - osti: Office of Scientific and Technical Information; example
|osti=4367507. Aliases: OSTI. - pmc: PubMed Central; use article number for open repository full-text of a journal article, e.g.
|pmc=345678. Do not include "PMC" in the value. . Aliases: PMC.- pmc-embargo-date: Date that pmc goes live; if this date is in the future, then pmc is not linked until that date. Aliases: none.
- pmid: PubMed; use unique identifier; example
|pmid=17322060Aliases: PMID. - rfc: Request for Comments; example
|rfc=3143. Aliases: RFC. - sbn: Standard Book Number; example
|sbn=356-02201-3. Aliases: SBN.- Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid SBNs using a non-standard format, see below.
- ssrn: Social Science Research Network; example
|ssrn=1900856. Aliases: SSRN. - s2cid: Semantic Scholar corpus ID; example
|s2cid=37220927. Aliases: S2CID. - zbl: Zentralblatt MATH; example
|zbl=0472.53010For zbMATH search results likeJFM 35.0387.02use|jfm=35.0387.02. Aliases: ZBL.
In very rare cases, valid identifiers (f.e., as actually printed on publications) do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums, which would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers (|doi=, |eissn=, |isbn=, |issn=, and |sbn=) support a special accept-this-as-written markup which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as |<param>=((<value>))). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message.
For some identifiers, it is possible to specify the access status using the corresponding |<param>-access= parameter.
For {{cite journal}}, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when |url= and |title-link= are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for |title-link= to manually select a specific source (|title-link=pmc or |title-link=doi) for auto-linking or to disable the feature (|title-link=none).
It is not necessary to specify a URL to a link identical to a link also produced by an identifier. The |url= parameter (or |title-link=) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a convenience link to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible.
Quote
[change source]- quote: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. If script-quote is defined, use quote to hold a Romanization (if available) of the text in script-quote.
- script-quote: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
... |quote=Tōkyō tawā |script-quote=ja:東京タワー |trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ...
- trans-quote: English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none.
- script-quote: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
- quote-page: The number of a single page quoted in
|quote=. Use either|quote-page=or|quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in|page=,|pages=or|at=. Displays preceded byp.unless|no-pp=yes. If hyphenated, use {{hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g.|quote-page=3{{hyphen}}12). Alias: none. - OR: quote-pages: A list or range of pages quoted in
|quote=. Use either|quote-page=or|quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in|pages=or|at=. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded bypp.unless|no-pp=yesis defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of|quote-pages=without processing it, and use {{hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended:|quote-pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)). Alias: none.
Editors
[change source]- editor-last: surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use editor-last to include the same format as the source. Aliases: editor-last1, editor1-last, editor-surname, editor-surname1, editor1-surname, editor, editor1.
- editor: This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor.
- editor-first: given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Aliases: editor-first1, editor1-first, editor-given, editor-given1, editor1-given.
- OR: for multiple editors, use editor-last1, editor-first1 through editor-lastn, editor-firstn (Aliases: editorn-last, editor-surnamen or editorn-surname; editorn-first, editor-givenn or editorn-given; editorn). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use
|editor-first1=...|editor-last1=...|editor2=.... - editor-link: title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: editor-link1.
- OR: for multiple editors, use editor-link1 through editor-linkn (alias editorn-link).
- name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to
amp,ampersand, or&, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set toand, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set tovancdisplays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use thelast/firstforms of name parameters.
- veditors: comma separated list of editor names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional names in doubled parentheses. End with etal if appropriate:
|veditors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal
- editor-linkn and editor-maskn may be used for the individual names in
|veditors=, as described above
- Display:
- Use display-editors to control the length of the displayed editor name list and to specify when "et al." is included.
- If authors: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then "In" and the editors, then the main work.
- If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by "ed."; multiple editors are followed by "eds."
Laysummary
[change source]These parameters are deprecated. If the source that they name is important to the Wikipedia article, create a separate cs1|2 template for that source.
- lay-url: (deprecated) URL link to a non-technical summary or review of the source; the URL title is set to "Lay summary".
- lay-source: (deprecated) Name of the source of the lay summary. Displays in italics and preceded by a spaced endash.
- lay-date: (deprecated) Date of the lay summary. Displays in parentheses.
- lay-format: (deprecated) File format of the work referred to by lay-url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after lay summary. HTML is implied and should not be specified. File format annotation is automatically rendered when a PDF icon is displayed. Does not change the external link icon. Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired.
Display options
[change source]- mode: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For
|mode=cs1, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (.); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For|mode=cs2, element separator is a comma (,); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). To override default terminal punctuation use postscript. - author-mask:
- contributor-mask:
- editor-mask:
- interviewer-mask:
- translator-mask:
- Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text. Set <name>-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set <name>-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". You must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as shortened footnotes. Do not use in a list generated by
{{reflist}},<references />or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g.|authorn-mask=) to apply the mask to a specific name.
- Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text. Set <name>-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set <name>-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". You must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as shortened footnotes. Do not use in a list generated by
- display-authors: Controls the number of author names that are displayed when a citation is published. To change the displayed number of authors, set display-authors to the desired number. For example,
|display-authors=2will display only the first two authors in a citation. By default, all authors are displayed.|display-authors=etaldisplays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: displayauthors. - display-editors: Controls the number of editor names that are displayed when a citation is published. To change the displayed number of editors, set display-editors to the desired number. For example,
|display-editors=2will display only the first two editors in a citation. By default, all editors are displayed.|display-editors=etaldisplays all editors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: displayeditors. - last-author-amp: Switches the separator between the last two names of the author list to space ampersand space (
&) when set toy,yes, ortrue. Example:|last-author-amp=yes - postscript: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (
.); for no terminating punctuation, specify|postscript=none– leaving|postscript=empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text or templates beyond the terminating punctuation may generate an error message.|postscript=is ignored if quote is defined.
This template produces COinS metadata; see COinS in Wikipedia for background information.