Maunderminimum

Maunderminimum, även känt som "det långvariga solfläcksminimumet", var en period under 1645 till 1715 då solfläckar var mycket sällsynta. Under en 28-årsperiod (1672–1699) visade observationer på färre än 50 solfläckar. Detta står i kontrast till de typiska solfläckarna på 40 000–50 000 som setts i modern tid under ett liknande tidsspann.^[1]

Minimumet beskrevs av solastronomerna Edward Walter Maunder och hans hustru Annie Russell Maunder, som studerade hur solfläckslatituder förändrades över tiden. Två artiklar publicerades i Edward Maunders namn 1890^[2] och 1894,^[3] där han citerade tidigare artiklar skrivna av Gustav Spörer.^[4]^[5] Eftersom Annie Maunder inte hade tagit någon universitetsexamen, orsakade den tidens begränsningar det publika erkännandet av hennes bidrag.^[6] Termen Maunderminimum populariserades av John A. Eddy,^[7] som publicerade en banbrytande artikel i Science 1976.^[8]

^ John E. Beckman; Terence J. Mahoney (1998). ”The Maunder Minimum and Climate Change: Have Historical Records Aided Current Research?”. Library and Information Services in Astronomy III. ASP Conference Series. "153". Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Tenerife: Astronomical Society of the Pacific. http://www.stsci.edu/stsci/meetings/lisa3/beckmanj.html
^ Maunder, E. W. (1890). ”Professor Spoerer's researches on sun-spots”. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 50: sid. 251–252. https://books.google.com/books?id=hc4RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA251.
^ Maunder, E. W. (1 augusti 1894). ”A prolonged sunspot minimum”. Knowledge 17: sid. 173–176. https://books.google.com/books?id=vEjnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA173.
^ Spörer, Gustav (1887). ”Über die Periodicität der Sonnenflecken seit dem Jahre 1618, vornehmlich in Bezug auf die heliographische Breite derselben, und Hinweis auf eine erhebliche Störung dieser Periodicität während eines langen Zeitraumes (On the periodicity of sunspots since the year 1618, especially with respect to the heliographic latitude of the same, and reference to a significant disturbance of this periodicity during a long period)” (på tyska). Vierteljahrsschrift der Astronomischen Gesellschaft (Leipzig) 22: sid. 323–329. http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3040974;view=1up;seq=647.
^ Spoerer, G. (Februari 1889). ”Sur les différences que présentent l'hémisphère nord et l'hémisphère sud du Soleil (On the differences that the northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere of the Sun present)” (på franska). Bulletin Astronomique 6: sid. 60–63. https://books.google.com/books?id=qThLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA60.
^ Brück, Mary T. (1994). ”Alice Everett and Annie Russell Maunder, torch bearing women astronomers”. Irish Astronomical Journal 21: sid. 280–291.
^ Weber, Bruce (17 juni 2009). ”John A. Eddy, Solar Detective, Dies at 78”. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/18/us/18eddy.html. Läst 28 juli 2015.
^ Eddy, J. A. (Juni 1976). ”The Maunder Minimum”. Science 192 (4245): sid. 1189–1202. doi:10.1126/science.192.4245.1189. PMID 17771739. Arkiverad från originalet den 16 februari 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100216030712/http://bill.srnr.arizona.edu/classes/182h/Climate/Solar/Maunder%20Minimum.pdf. Läst 28 oktober 2021.

[1] John E. Beckman; Terence J. Mahoney (1998). ”The Maunder Minimum and Climate Change: Have Historical Records Aided Current Research?”. Library and Information Services in Astronomy III. ASP Conference Series. "153". Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Tenerife: Astronomical Society of the Pacific. http://www.stsci.edu/stsci/meetings/lisa3/beckmanj.html

[2] Maunder, E. W. (1890). ”Professor Spoerer's researches on sun-spots”. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 50: sid. 251–252. https://books.google.com/books?id=hc4RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA251.

[3] Maunder, E. W. (1 augusti 1894). ”A prolonged sunspot minimum”. Knowledge 17: sid. 173–176. https://books.google.com/books?id=vEjnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA173.

[4] Spörer, Gustav (1887). ”Über die Periodicität der Sonnenflecken seit dem Jahre 1618, vornehmlich in Bezug auf die heliographische Breite derselben, und Hinweis auf eine erhebliche Störung dieser Periodicität während eines langen Zeitraumes (On the periodicity of sunspots since the year 1618, especially with respect to the heliographic latitude of the same, and reference to a significant disturbance of this periodicity during a long period)” (på tyska). Vierteljahrsschrift der Astronomischen Gesellschaft (Leipzig) 22: sid. 323–329. http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3040974;view=1up;seq=647.

[5] Spoerer, G. (Februari 1889). ”Sur les différences que présentent l'hémisphère nord et l'hémisphère sud du Soleil (On the differences that the northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere of the Sun present)” (på franska). Bulletin Astronomique 6: sid. 60–63. https://books.google.com/books?id=qThLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA60.

[bruck1994-6] Brück, Mary T. (1994). ”Alice Everett and Annie Russell Maunder, torch bearing women astronomers”. Irish Astronomical Journal 21: sid. 280–291.

[7] Weber, Bruce (17 juni 2009). ”John A. Eddy, Solar Detective, Dies at 78”. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/18/us/18eddy.html. Läst 28 juli 2015.

[MM_PAPER-8] Eddy, J. A. (Juni 1976). ”The Maunder Minimum”. Science 192 (4245): sid. 1189–1202. doi:10.1126/science.192.4245.1189. PMID 17771739. Arkiverad från originalet den 16 februari 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100216030712/http://bill.srnr.arizona.edu/classes/182h/Climate/Solar/Maunder%20Minimum.pdf. Läst 28 oktober 2021.

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