Linux kernel

Linux kernel
Original author(s)Linus Torvalds
Developer(s)Community contributors
Linus Torvalds
Initial release0.02 (5 October 1991 (1991-10-05))
Stable release
6.8.2[2] Edit this on Wikidata / 26 March 2024
Preview release
6.9-rc1[3] Edit this on Wikidata / 24 March 2024
Repository
Written inC (C11 since 5.18, C89 before),[4]
Rust (since 6.1),[5]
assembly language
Available inEnglish
LicenseGPL-2.0-only with Linux-syscall-note[6][7][8][a]
Websitekernel.org

The Linux kernel is a free and open-source,[12]: 4  monolithic, modular, multitasking, Unix-like operating system kernel. It was originally written in 1991 by Linus Torvalds for his i386-based PC, and it was soon adopted as the kernel for the GNU operating system, which was written to be a free (libre) replacement for Unix.

Linux is provided under the GNU General Public License version 2 only, but it contains files under other compatible licenses.[11] Since the late 1990s, it has been included as part of a large number of operating system distributions, many of which are commonly also called Linux.

Linux is deployed on a wide variety of computing systems, such as embedded devices, mobile devices (including its use in the Android operating system), personal computers, servers, mainframes, and supercomputers.[13] It can be tailored for specific architectures and for several usage scenarios using a family of simple commands (that is, without the need of manually editing its source code before compilation);[14][15][16] privileged users can also fine-tune kernel parameters at runtime.[17][18][19] Most of the Linux kernel code is written using the GNU extensions of GCC[12]: 18 [20] to the standard C programming language and with the use of architecture-specific instructions (ISA) in limited parts of the kernel. This produces a highly optimized executable (vmlinux) with respect to utilization of memory space and task execution times.[12]: 379–380 

Day-to-day development discussions take place on the Linux kernel mailing list (LKML). Changes are tracked using the version control system git, which was originally authored by Torvalds as a free software replacement for BitKeeper.

  1. ^ "Linux Logos and Mascots". Linux Online. 2008. Archived from the original on 15 August 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2009.
  2. ^ Sasha Levin (26 March 2024). "Linux 6.8.2". Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  3. ^ Linus Torvalds (24 March 2024). "Linux 6.9-rc1". Retrieved 25 March 2024.
  4. ^ Bergmann, Arnd (3 March 2022). "Kbuild: move to -std=gnu11". git.kernel.org.
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference rust was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference COPYING_File was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ "GPL-2.0-only". spdx.org. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  8. ^ "Linux-syscall-note". spdx.org. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  9. ^ "GPL-2.0". git.kernel.org.
  10. ^ "Linux-syscall-note". git.kernel.org.
  11. ^ a b "Linux kernel licensing rules — The Linux Kernel documentation". www.kernel.org. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  12. ^ a b c Love, Robert (2010). Linux kernel development (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-672-32946-3. OCLC 268788260.
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference top500stats was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference :10 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference :11 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference :12 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference :13 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ Cite error: The named reference :14 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference :15 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ "C Extensions (Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC))". gcc.gnu.org. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.


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Linux kernel

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