Geopolitiek

Geopolitiek (van Grieks γῆ gê "aarde, land" en πολιτική politikḗ "politiek") is die studie van die uitwerking van die aarde se geografie (menslik en fisiek) op politiek en internasionale betrekkinge.^[1]^[2] Terwyl geopolitiek gewoonlik na lande en verhoudings tussen hulle verwys, kan dit ook op twee ander soorte state fokus: de facto onafhanklike state met beperkte internasionale erkenning en betrekkinge tussen sub-nasionale geopolitieke entiteite, soos die federale state waaruit 'n federasie bestaan, konfederasie of 'n kwasi-federale stelsel.

Op die vlak van internasionale betrekkinge is geopolitiek 'n metode om buitelandse beleid te bestudeer om internasionale politieke gedrag deur geografiese veranderlikes te verstaan, te verklaar en te voorspel. Dit sluit in areastudies, klimaat, topografie, demografie, natuurlike hulpbronne en toegepaste wetenskap van die streek wat geëvalueer word.^[3]

Geopolitiek fokus op politieke mag gekoppel aan geografiese ruimte. In die besonder territoriale waters en landgebied in ooreenstemming met die diplomatieke geskiedenis. Onderwerpe van geopolitiek sluit in die betrekkinge tussen die belange van internasionale politieke akteurs wat binne 'n gebied gefokus is, 'n ruimte of 'n geografiese element, verhoudings wat 'n geopolitieke stelsel skep. ^[4] Kritieke geopolitiek dekonstrueer klassieke geopolitieke teorieë deur hul politieke / ideologiese funksies vir groot moondhede aan te toon.^[5] Daar is 'n paar werke wat die geopolitiek van hernubare energie bespreek.^[6]^[7]

Volgens Christopher Gogwilt en ander navorsers word die term tans gebruik om 'n breë spektrum van begrippe te beskryf, in die algemene sin gebruik as "'n sinoniem vir internasionale politieke betrekkinge", maar meer spesifiek 'om die globale struktuur van sulke verhoudings te impliseer" hierdie gebruik bou voort op 'n "vroeë twintigste-eeuse term vir 'n pseudowetenskap van politieke geografie" en ander pseudowetenskaplike teorieë oor historiese en geografiese determinisme.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[2]

↑ An introduction to international relations. Devetak, Richard, George, Jim, 1946-, Percy, Sarah V. (Sarah Virginia), 1977- (Third uitg.). Cambridge, United Kingdom. 11 September 2017. p. 816. ISBN 978-1-316-63155-3. OCLC 974647995.{{cite book}}: AS1-onderhoud: ander (link) AS1-onderhoud: plek sonder uitgewer (link)
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 Overland, Indra (2015). "Future Petroleum Geopolitics: Consequences of Climate Policy and Unconventional Oil and Gas". Handbook of Clean Energy Systems. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 3517–3544. doi:10.1002/9781118991978.hces203. hdl:11250/2451749. ISBN 9781118991978 – via Researchgate.
↑ Evans, Graham (1998). The Penguin dictionary of international relations. Newnham, Jeffrey. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-051397-3. OCLC 41113670.
↑ Vladimir Toncea, 2006, "Geopolitical evolution of borders in Danube Basin"
↑ Okur, Mehmet Akif (16 Desember 2014). "Classical Texts Of The Geopolitics And The "Heart Of Eurasia"". Ege Universitesi Turk Dunyasi Incelemeleri Dergisi (in Engels). 14 (2). doi:10.13062/tdid.201428262. ISSN 1301-2045.
↑ Overland, Indra (1 Maart 2019). "The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths". Energy Research & Social Science. 49: 36–40. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018. ISSN 2214-6296.
↑ O'Sullivan, Meghan; Overland, Indra; Sandalow, David (2017). "The Geopolitics of Renewable Energy". SSRN Working Paper Series (in Engels). doi:10.2139/ssrn.2998305. hdl:11250/2447113. ISSN 1556-5068. S2CID 157400282. SSRN 2998305.
↑ Gogwilt, Christopher (2000). The fiction of geopolitics: afterimages of geopolitics, from Wilkie Collins to Alfred Hitchcock, 1860-1940 (in Engels). Stanford, Calif.; Cambridge: Stanford University Press ; Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-0-8047-3726-5. OCLC 44932458.
↑ Dittmer, Jason; Sharp, Joanne P (2014). Geopolitics: an introductory reader (in Engels). London; New York: Routledge. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-415-66663-3. OCLC 895013513.
↑ Deudney, Daniel (Maart 2000). "Geopolitics as Theory:: Historical Security Materialism". European Journal of International Relations (in Engels). 6 (1): 77–107. doi:10.1177/1354066100006001004. ISSN 1354-0661. S2CID 146194629.

[1] An introduction to international relations. Devetak, Richard, George, Jim, 1946-, Percy, Sarah V. (Sarah Virginia), 1977- (Third uitg.). Cambridge, United Kingdom. 11 September 2017. p. 816. ISBN 978-1-316-63155-3. OCLC 974647995.{{cite book}}: AS1-onderhoud: ander (link) AS1-onderhoud: plek sonder uitgewer (link)

[:1-2] 2,0 ^2,1 Overland, Indra (2015). "Future Petroleum Geopolitics: Consequences of Climate Policy and Unconventional Oil and Gas". Handbook of Clean Energy Systems. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 3517–3544. doi:10.1002/9781118991978.hces203. hdl:11250/2451749. ISBN 9781118991978 – via Researchgate.

[3] Evans, Graham (1998). The Penguin dictionary of international relations. Newnham, Jeffrey. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-051397-3. OCLC 41113670.

[4] Vladimir Toncea, 2006, "Geopolitical evolution of borders in Danube Basin"

[:2-5] Okur, Mehmet Akif (16 Desember 2014). "Classical Texts Of The Geopolitics And The "Heart Of Eurasia"". Ege Universitesi Turk Dunyasi Incelemeleri Dergisi (in Engels). 14 (2). doi:10.13062/tdid.201428262. ISSN 1301-2045.

[6] Overland, Indra (1 Maart 2019). "The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths". Energy Research & Social Science. 49: 36–40. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018. ISSN 2214-6296.

[7] O'Sullivan, Meghan; Overland, Indra; Sandalow, David (2017). "The Geopolitics of Renewable Energy". SSRN Working Paper Series (in Engels). doi:10.2139/ssrn.2998305. hdl:11250/2447113. ISSN 1556-5068. S2CID 157400282. SSRN 2998305.

[:4-8] Gogwilt, Christopher (2000). The fiction of geopolitics: afterimages of geopolitics, from Wilkie Collins to Alfred Hitchcock, 1860-1940 (in Engels). Stanford, Calif.; Cambridge: Stanford University Press ; Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-0-8047-3726-5. OCLC 44932458.

[9] Dittmer, Jason; Sharp, Joanne P (2014). Geopolitics: an introductory reader (in Engels). London; New York: Routledge. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-415-66663-3. OCLC 895013513.

[10] Deudney, Daniel (Maart 2000). "Geopolitics as Theory:: Historical Security Materialism". European Journal of International Relations (in Engels). 6 (1): 77–107. doi:10.1177/1354066100006001004. ISSN 1354-0661. S2CID 146194629.

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