Venus

Venus
	A real-colour image taken by Mariner 10 processed from two filters, the surface is obscured by thick sulfuric acid (H2SO4) clouds
Designations
Pronunciation	/ˈviːnəs/ (listen)
Adjectives	Venusian or (rarely) Cytherean, Venerean
Orbital characteristics
	Epoch J2000
Aphelion	0.728213 AU; 108,939,000 km;
Perihelion	0.718440 AU; 107,477,000 km;
Semi-major axis	0.723332 AU; 108,208,000 km;
Eccentricity	0.006772
Orbital period	224.701 d; 0.615198 yr; 1.92 Venus solar day;
Synodic period	583.92 days
Average orbital speed	35.02 km/s
Mean anomaly	50.115°
Inclination	3.39458° to ecliptic; 3.86° to Sun's equator; 2.19° to invariable plane;
Longitude of ascending node	76.680°
Argument of perihelion	54.884°
Satellites	None
Physical characteristics
Mean radius	6,051.8±1.0 km; 0.9499 Earths;
Flattening	0
Surface area	4.6023×108 km2; 0.902 Earths;
Volume	9.2843×1011 km3; 0.866 Earths;
Mass	4.8675×1024 kg; 0.815 Earths;
Mean density	5.243 g/cm3
Surface gravity	8.87 m/s2; 0.904 g;
Escape velocity	10.36 km/s (6.44 mi/s)
Sidereal rotation period	−243.025 d (retrograde)
Equatorial rotation velocity	6.52 km/h (1.81 m/s)
Axial tilt	2.64° (for retrograde rotation); 177.36° (to orbit)
North pole right ascension	18h 11m 2s; 272.76°;
North pole declination	67.16°
Albedo	0.689 (geometric); 0.76 (Bond);
Apparent magnitude	−4.92 to −2.98
Angular diameter	9.7″–66.0″
Atmosphere
Surface pressure	92 bar (9.2 MPa)
Composition by volume	96.5% carbon dioxide; 3.5% nitrogen; 0.015% sulfur dioxide; 0.007% argon; 0.002% water vapour; 0.0017% carbon monoxide; 0.0012% helium; 0.0007% neon; trace carbonyl sulfide; trace hydrogen chloride; trace hydrogen fluoride;
	↑ Defining the rotation as retrograde, as done by NASA space missions and the USGS, puts Ishtar Terra in the northern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 2.64°. Following the right-hand rule for prograde rotation puts Ishtar Terra in the southern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 177.36°. ;

Venus is the second planet from the Sun.^[3] It is a terrestrial planet, meaning it is made of solid matter. The orbit of Venus is between the orbits of Mercury and Earth.

↑ Lakdawalla, Emily better (21 September 2009). "Venus Looks More Boring Than You Think It Does". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
↑ "Planets and Pluto: Physical Characteristics". NASA. 5 November 2008. Archived from the original on 7 September 2006. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
↑ "Venus". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 2021-10-19. Retrieved 2021-10-19.

[3] Defining the rotation as retrograde, as done by NASA space missions and the USGS, puts Ishtar Terra in the northern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 2.64°. Following the right-hand rule for prograde rotation puts Ishtar Terra in the southern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 177.36°.

[Lakdawalla2009-1] Lakdawalla, Emily better (21 September 2009). "Venus Looks More Boring Than You Think It Does". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2011.

[2] "Planets and Pluto: Physical Characteristics". NASA. 5 November 2008. Archived from the original on 7 September 2006. Retrieved 26 August 2015.

[:2-4] "Venus". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 2021-10-19. Retrieved 2021-10-19.

[2]

[note 1]

[3]