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Carnitine
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| Clinical data | |
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| AHFS/Drugs.com | Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information |
| Routes of administration | Oral, intravenous |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | <10% |
| Protein binding | None |
| Metabolism | slightly [clarification needed] |
| Excretion | Urine (>95%) |
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| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.006.343 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C7H15NO3 |
| Molar mass | 161.201 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
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Carnitine is a quaternary ammonium compound involved in metabolism in most mammals, plants, and some bacteria.[1][2][3][4] In support of energy metabolism, carnitine transports long-chain fatty acids from the cytosol into mitochondria to be oxidized for free energy production, and also participates in removing products of metabolism from cells.[3] Given its key metabolic roles, carnitine is concentrated in tissues like skeletal and cardiac muscle that metabolize fatty acids as an energy source.[3] Generally individuals, including strict vegetarians, synthesize enough L-carnitine in vivo.[1]
Carnitine exists as one of two stereoisomers: the two enantiomers d-carnitine (S-(+)-) and l-carnitine (R-(−)-).[5] Both are biologically active, but only l-carnitine naturally occurs in animals, and d-carnitine is toxic as it inhibits the activity of the l-form.[6] At room temperature, pure carnitine is a whiteish powder, and a water-soluble zwitterion with relatively low toxicity. Derived from amino acids,[7] carnitine was first extracted from meat extracts in 1905, leading to its name from Latin, "caro/carnis" or flesh.[2]
Some individuals with genetic or medical disorders (such as preterm infants) cannot make enough carnitine, requiring dietary supplementation.[1][3][4] Despite common carnitine supplement consumption among athletes for improved exercise performance or recovery, there is insufficient high-quality clinical evidence to indicate it provides any benefit.[3][4]
- ^ a b c "L-Carnitine". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 2019-12-01. Archived from the original on 2020-11-26. Retrieved 2020-04-29.
- ^ a b Bremer J (October 1983). "Carnitine--metabolism and functions". Physiological Reviews. 63 (4): 1420–80. doi:10.1152/physrev.1983.63.4.1420. PMID 6361812.
- ^ a b c d e "Carnitine". Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 2017-10-10. Archived from the original on 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2020-04-29.
- ^ a b c "L-carnitine: Uses, benefits and dosage". Drugs.com. 2020-01-20. Archived from the original on 2020-10-31. Retrieved 2020-04-29.
- ^ "Levocarnitine". PubChem, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. 2020-04-25. Archived from the original on 2020-08-07. Retrieved 2020-04-29.
- ^ Matsuoka M, Igisu H (July 1993). "Comparison of the effects of L-carnitine, D-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine on the neurotoxicity of ammonia". Biochemical Pharmacology. 46 (1): 159–64. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(93)90360-9. PMID 8347126.
- ^ Cox RA, Hoppel CL (December 1973). "Biosynthesis of carnitine and 4-N-trimethylaminobutyrate from 6-N-trimethyl-lysine". The Biochemical Journal. 136 (4): 1083–90. doi:10.1042/bj1361083. PMC 1166060. PMID 4786530.
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